The discovery of Kenyanthropus platyopswas important mainly because:
a. it had a small brain like an ape’s.
b. it was discovered in Kenya.
c. it showed diversity in the hominin fossil record 3.5 mya.
d. it probably lived in woodlands.
What are the classification levels of humans from order to species?
a. Chordata, Mammalia, Haplorhini, Hominoidea, Homo, and sapiens
b. Primates, Haplorhini, Anthropoidea, Catarrhini, Hominoidea, Hominidea,
Homininae, Hominine, Homo, and sapiens
c. Primates, Strepsirhini, Catarrhini, Hominoidea, Hominidea, Homo, and sapiens
d. Mammalia, Platyrrhini, Hominioidea, Hominidae, Homo, and sapiens
Exposure to microbes early in life can _________ the immune system.
a. protect
b. harm
c. depress
d. stimulate
A skull with a foramen magnum positioned at the back belongs to:
a. an individual that is fully bipedal, such as a human.
b. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a dog.
c. an individual that is fully quadrupedal, such as a human.
d. none of the above (this trait is observed only in prosimians)
The best-documented case of industrial melanism involves:
a. Galpagos finches.
b. dung beetles.
c. monarch butterflies.
d. peppered moths.
The discovery of modern/archaic hybrid fossils supports which model of modern
human origins?
a. out-of-Africa
b. multiregional continuity
c. assimilation
d. None of these models supports such a discovery.
In Atapeura 5, early archaic Homo sapiens and Neandertal specimens show heavy wear
on the incisors and canines, indicating:
a. the use of the front teeth for gripping materials.
b. the purposeful modification of teeth to demonstrate social rank, as with the Aztecs.
c. their use for shaping the cutting edges of stone blades.
d. the chewing of massive amounts of fibrous materials.
Female reproductive strategies emphasize:
a. bonding with the dominant male monogamously.
b. having one birth per year.
c. having twin births every year.
d. caring for young and ensuring access to food.
Primate females:
a. invest less in their offspring than do many other mammals.
b. give birth to more offspring than do most other mammals.
c. give birth to fewer offspring than do many other mammals.
d. give birth to twins regularly.
The morphology of the Paleoindian skull from Kennewick indicates that it:
a. was recovered from an elaborate burial.
b. represents an early Eskimo population.
c. looks quite different from modern Native Americans’ skulls.
d. is about 3,000 years old.
A doctor finds that the mammary glands of a woman are not functioning due to a
genetic abnormality that influences the structural design of the thoracic cavity. This is
likely:
a. the result of a mutation on the sex chromosomes.
b. the result of a mutation in a Hox gene.
c. the result of a mutation in HSV-1.
d. none of the above
Based on the morphology of the hand phalanx, Orrorin tugenensislived in a:
a. dry savannah.
b. woodland.
c. jungle.
d. forest environment.
Developmental (or ontogenetic) adaptation:
a. occurs at the individual level throughout an individual’s lifetime.
b. occurs at the individual level during childhood.
c. involves using material culture to make living possible in certain settings.
d. occurs at the population level via natural selection.
The southern migration of which African people may have led to a significant increase
in the incidence of malaria?
a. Masai
b. Turkana
c. Efe
d. Bantu
Transposable elements are DNA sequences that:
a. are not coded to produce proteins.
b. contain numerous point mutations.
c. occur only on the X and Y chromosomes.
d. insert themselves into other parts of the genome.
Homo habilis experienced a major shift to new environments that was characterized by:
a. dietary shift.
b. tool use for obtaining and processing food.
c. big-game hunting.
d. use of marine resources.
Primates’ enhanced sense of vision stems from:
a. the fact that their eyes are rotated forward.
b. their tendency toward nocturnality.
c. their color vision.
d. both a. and c.
The health effects of industrialization include:
a. a decrease in asthma.
b. an increase in environmental pollutants.
c. a decrease in processed and refined foods in the diet.
d. a reduction in poverty.
Boas laid the foundation for scientific anthropology by:
a. relying on the scientific method.
b. evaluating cultures from a personal perspective.
c. using genetics to develop theories on human variation.
d. demonstrating the variation in humans as a result of moral differences.
Australian aborigines are an endogamous society. This means that marriage and
reproduction take place within the group, leading to:
a. increased genetic diversity through genetic drift.
b. migration without gene flow.
c. more genetic diversity than would be observed in an exogamous society.
d. decreased genetic diversity due to a lack of admixture.
An oval cross section of an adult femur suggests:
a. that the individual was likely very physically active.
b. that the individual was lethargic and largely sedentary.
c. that the individual had a nutritional deficiency as a child.
d. You cannot discern anything from the shape of a bone.
The two concepts that best explain physical anthropology are that:
a. your biological makeup defines who you are and your personality comes from your
environment.
b. every person is a product of evolutionary history and each of us is the product of our
own individual life histories.
c. you are what your genes make you and your environment has no effect.
d. You are what your environment makes you and your genes have no effect.
The many stone tools, fragmentary animal bones, and teeth found at Gran Dolina,
Spain, indicate that hominids there:
a. processed and consumed animals and other hominids.
b. did not differ appreciably from earlier Asian Homo erectus.
c. were similar to later Homo sapiens.
d. none of the above
Variation in predator-specific vocalizations in the monkeys of the Tai Forest:
a. includes stress calls between kin only.
b. includes mating calls between dominant primates only.
c. includes two different alarm calls indicating another group of chimpanzees or
humans.
d. includes two different loud alarm calls in response to predators, aerial and terrestrial.
Dark skin (a result of increased melanin production in equatorial peoples) is likely a
response to ultraviolet radiation, because UV radiation can cause:
a. skin cancer.
b. hypoxia.
c. rickets.
d. hypothermia.
We know that Upper Paleolithic food foragers in Europe are ancestors to modern
European populations because of:
a. recent genetic research.
b. archaeological evidence.
c. evidence that both populations lived in the same area.
d. linguistic evidence.
Stressors during the prenatal stage include:
a. a vegetarian diet of greens, fruits, and dairy products.
b. smoking, alcohol, and drugs.
c. heavy exercise like running and swimming.
d. lack of exercise.
Cultural dating can be used to date:
a. ceramics.
b. bones and teeth.
c. shells.
d. trilobite evolution.
What are the three key attributes of humanness?
a. eating, sleeping, and watching television
b. hunting, speech, and dependence on domesticated food
c. hunting, scavenging, and tool making
d. building shelter, hunting, and making clothing
Thermoluminescence dating can provide dates when used on which types of materials?
a. sediment, stone, and ceramics
b. bone, wood, and stone
c. bone, shell, and fabric
d. shell, ceramics, and wood
The four branches of anthropology are:
a. archaeological, geological, geographical, and biological.
b. physical, biological, cultural, and linguistic.
c. cultural, linguistic, geological, and physical.
d. physical, archaeological, cultural, and linguistic.
All-male groups of nonhuman primates:
a. are often polyandrous, before females join other existing groups.
b. often exist together with multimale, multifemale groups.
c. become permanent groups with rigid ranking systems.
d. do not exist in the wild.
Relative to other primates, prosimian adaptations include:
a. an enlarged olfactory bulb and enlarged scent glands.
b. a larger brain.
c. a reduced number of teeth.
d. smaller eye orbits.
Which dating method would be most appropriate for establishing the age of a volcanic
ash layer from an early hominid site in eastern Africa?
a. carbon 14 dating
b. amino acid dating
c. potassium-argon dating
d. electron spin resonance dating
Based on genetic analysis of living primates calibrated by the fossil record, it is
estimated that apes and Old World monkeys diverged into separate lineages around:
a. 5 mya.
b. 10 mya.
c. 15 mya.
d. 25 mya.