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Confidentiality and anonymity mean the same thing so they can be used
interchangeably.
a. True
b. False
What is the proper relationship between validity and reliability with respect to field
research?
a. field research is weak on validity but strong on generalizability
b. field research is strong on validity and strong on reliability
c. field research is strong on validity and strong on generalizability
d. field research is strong on validity and weak on reliability
The main reason that experiments in criminal justice are so easy to complete is that the
researcher need only secure one experimental and one control group for any project.
a. True
b. False
Scientifically "perfect" research designs can be limited only by money and time
constraints.
a. True
b. False
Reflexivity refers to objectivity in the interview process.
a. True
b. False
a. hearing the richness of human experience
b. sifting through layers of context
c. recognizing shared meanings
d. all of these answers are correct
In the authors' example of proposed legal education research, a questionnaire would be
administered at the time the
bar exam was taken. This technique was deemed unethical because
a. the results would be effected by the administration of the bar exam
b. those taking the bar had not consented to take the questionnaire
c. findings are not valid when large groups of subjects take a questionnaire at the same
time
d. those taking the bar would want to make their law school look good, thus
invalidating the results
Thick descriptions describe action as well as understand what:
a. meanings of behaviors
b. meanings of text
c. quantitative results
d. none of the answers are correct
Sometimes it is necessary to make the same measurement more than once, which is
known as:
a. test-retest method
b. inter-rater reliability
c. split-half method
d. face validity
Which of the following is not an example of a hypothesis?
a. males score higher in math than females.
b. poor children have higher delinquency rates than do middle-class children.
c. why is the sky dark at night?
d. those who study daily will have the highest grades
Which of the following is necessary in order to establish informed consent of research
subjects?
a. telling subjects the purpose of the research
b. telling subjects about the procedures that will be used during the research
c. telling subjects about the possible risks and side effects of the research
d. telling subjects the results of the research
Which sampling method is commonly used to pretest a questionnaire?
a. stratification
b. quota
c. snowball
d. purposive
The best way to understand how and why people do things is to:
a. study them analytically
b. interact with them directly
c. observe them from afar
d. none of the answers are correct
Which of the following would not be an example of the data coming from the Census
Bureau that have criminal justice applications?
a. Census of Children in Custody
b. National Crime Victimization Survey
c. Survey of Inmates in Local Jails
d. Uniform Crime Report
Which of the following would not be considered an advantage of field research?
a. qualitative field studies yield precise statements about a larger population
b. the research is considered very flexible
c. the researcher has a choice of roles they can assume to fit the individual needs of the
research at hand
d. the research is reliable
You are conducting research dealing with recreational marijuana use. You plan to ask
questions of subjects brought into the laboratory and in order to pay them you need
their name and address. You tell the subjects that you plan not to reveal their answers to
your questions. What type of technique are you using?
a. confidentiality
b. anonymity
c. secrecy
d. privacy
The most basic level of compensation for participating in research is:
a. a pat on the back
b. payments, goods, and services
c. a job offer
d. all of the answers are correct
Specialized interviewing will consist of which of the following?
a. the interview schedule is less structured than sample surveys
b. uses general guide that includes topics, issues, etc.
c. questions are not presented in a standardized order
d. all the above
Which of the following represent a continuous interval/ratio variable?
a. gender
b. race
c. age
d. religious affiliation
Which of the following best describes the example of the use of evidence-based policy?
a. agencies using evaluation to decide what evidence backs up current funding
b. justice agencies are linked to evidence used for planning and evaluation
c. agencies are linked to other agencies
d. all of the above
The idea of defensible space can be traced to the work of:
a. Shaw and McKay
b. Newman
c. David Takeuchi
d. Maxfield and Babbie
Prediction can be made better by observation and remembering regular:
a. assumptions
b. patterns
c. educated guesses
d. pasts
Which of the following is not accurate with respect to the data that agencies collect?
a. nonpublic agency records contain information pertinent to criminal justice research
b. nonpublic records, even though significant for our understanding of criminal justice
processing, are unavailable to any researcher who does not work for the specific agency
c. all criminal justice agencies keep nonpublic records
d. most researchers in the field of criminal justice use agency records as their source of
data
In the case where the experimental groups and the control groups are not equivalent,
which of the following should not be used to address this issue?
a. proceed with the experiment because you can address the issues during your
statistical analysis
b. match the groups on important variables
c. use comparison groups instead of control groups
d. match groups on any variables that are significant for the fluctuation in the dependent
variable
Field research is often associated with qualitative techniques.
a. True
b. False
Policy analysis searches for:
a. actions that will be accepted by funding agencies
b. operational definitions of policy terms
c. the consequences that would follow the implementation of various courses of action
d. whether the policy should be implemented
Which term best describesan overly strict limitation on the kinds of concepts and
variables to be considered as
causes in explaining the broad range of human behavior represented by crime and
criminal justice policy?
a. individualistic fallacy
b. ecological fallacy
c. reductionism
d. pluralism
Which of the following is not accurate concerning empirical research?
a. empirical research is a logical rather than a mathematical operation
b. mathematics is a convenient and efficient language
c. statistics is the applied branch of mathematics
d. empirical research is free of validity problems
Validity that is related to the logical relationships between variables is known as:
a. criterion-related validity
b. face validity
c. convergent validity
d. construct validity
Which of the following is not essential in maintaining confidentiality in field or survey
interviews?
a. remove names and addresses from data-collection forms
b. keep a master identification file linking numbers to names so that at a future date data
can be corrected where necessary
c. put the master file on the computer so that you do not leave paper copies of the file
laying around
d. only individuals with a legitimate purpose should have access to the master file
One of the most interesting aspects of ADAM was that it combined urinalysis and:
a. selfreport measures of drug use
b. brainscan images
c. conviction rates
d. confessions
When a researcher uses a multistage cluster sampling technique they must repeat
several sets including:
a. listing and stratifying
b. listing and counting
c. listing and sampling
d. listing and analyzing
Which of the following is not a type of longitudinal study?
a. cross-sectional study
b. panel study
c. trend study
d. cohort study
For each of the following variables, give its level of measurement and whether the
variable is discrete or continuous.
a.________________ ________________ verdict at trial
b.________________ ________________ gender of victim c.________________
________________ age of offender d.________________ ________________ violent
offender
e.________________ ________________ ranks in a police department
Answer:N/A
The National Crime Victimization Survey can be used to evaluate local crime
prevention programs.
a. True
b. False
At a minimum, crimes need to have a(n) to be considered a crime.
The sponsor or is the person who will assist you in gaining access to a subculture.
Using agency records (published statistics, nonpublic agency records and new data
collected by agency staff), content analysis and secondary analysis, give an example of
an applied research project that would use each of the identified methods.
Answer:N/A
Identify four threats to validity discussed in your text. Give an example of each.
Answer:N/A
The most basic level of compensation involves to research participants.
When it is not possible to obtain a list of elements in a population, sampling procedures
are called for.
refers to the ability to take findings from an experiment and apply them to the real
world.
Identify the difference between the various roles of the observer in field research. Offer
an example of a research scenario that would be appropriate for each role.
Answer:N/A
Discuss the purposes of doing research. Give an example of each by using a
hypothetical from the field of criminal justice.
Answer:N/A
In Homel and associates' study of bars and violence, they were interested in learning
how various
factors were related to public drinking that might produce violence.
A(n) experiment guards against experimenters' tendency to prejudge results by
eliminating the possibility of either the researcher or the subjects knowing which group
is the control and which group is the experimental.
What does "treatment integrity" mean? Why is this an important issue in evaluation
studies?
Answer:N/A
In a focus groups individuals are acquainted and have an existing connection.
Why is it often necessary to supplement field research with other forms of data? Give
examples of other types of data that are often used in criminal justice research and how
each may be used as a link to field research.
Answer:N/A
A form of "preevaluation" called a(n) assessment is designed to allow the researcher to
determine whether conditions necessary for conducting an evaluation are present.
Identify the strengths and weaknesses in general of survey research.
Answer:N/A
A(n) cause is a condition that must be present for the effect to follow.
When doing research, the first key step is to learn policy goals.
