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When groups are treated differently without regard to their behavior or qualifications,
__________ occurs.
a. racism
b. homogeneity
c. ethnic cleansing
d. discrimination
The courts have upheld the right of female corrections officers to:
a. pat down only female prisoners.
b. pat down only male prisoners.
c. pat down male prisoners when a male officer is also present.
d. pat down both male and female prisoners.
The invention of the penitentiary occurred because of:
a. the influence of the Age of Reason.
b. a response to negative social conditions and their influence on the rise of crime.
c. the growth of the surplus labor due to the Industrial Revolution.
d. all of these
13 percent of _____________cannot vote due to their felony convictions:
a. white men
b. black men
c. adult males
d. Latinos
The nation has just over __________ jails.
a. 1,500
b. 2,800
c. 4,200
d. 1,000
The __________ approach to criminology is based on the assumption that human
behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors, and
that the scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.
a. Classical School
b. Positivist School
c. Progressive School
d. Neoclassical School
In the 1960s, most people agreed that the primary mission of corrections was:
a. retribution.
b. rehabilitation.
c. incapacitation.
d. deterrence.
Some people believe that _______________factors result in large numbers of Hispanics
and African Americans being processed by the criminal justice system.
a. biological
b. physiological
c. sociobiological
d. sociological
This case stated that jury trials are not required for juvenile court hearings:
a. McKeiver v. Pennsylvania
b. Kent v. US
c. Schall v. Martin
d. Eddings v. Oklahoma
In Ford v. Wainwrightthe Supreme Court ruled that _________should not be executed.
a. the insane
b. juveniles
c. women
d. disabled people
Prisoner education is more available and often times required for which group of
offenders?
a. non-violent offenders
b. juvenile offenders
c. older offenders
d. mentally healthy offenders
Traditional criminal justice is:
a. proactive.
b. reactive.
c. inactive.
d. active.
In prison, gangs are organized primarily to:
a. control an institution's drug trade.
b. control gambling and extortion within the institution.
c. control debt-collection rackets within the institution.
d. all of these.
Corrections ideally serves which goal(s)?
a. Moral outrage
b. Protection
c. Punishment
d. Both protection and punishment
One out of____ African American children has a parent who has been to prison.
a. 2
b. 6
c. 9
d. 13
Approximately ______ of female inmates are currently incarcerated for violent
offenses.
a. one third
b. two third
c. one half
d. one quarter
a. interacting with clients to change their behavior
b. Corrections is divided against itself
c. Problem of attraction and motivation
d. Choice between unsatisfactory alternatives
e. Focusing on prisons
f. Looking for patterns and consistencies in study findings
g. Expectations and goals
h. assigning a group to a valid program and one group to a non-valid group
i. achieves correctional goals through technology
j. Disproportionately affected minority group members
1) Correctional growth
2) Dilemma
3) Motivational interviewing
4) Mission
5) Internal structure
6) Personnel
7) Techno-corrections
8) Regressive approach
9) Systematic review
10) Random field trial
Prison surpassed college as a place for young African American men after:
a. 1950.
b. 1960.
c. 1970.
d. 1980.
The problem of disproportionality is _________ if the problem is not racist people but
disadvantageous rules and practices.
a. more complicated
b. less complicated
c. easy to fix
d. simple
When parole officers play the role of __________, they can restrict many aspects of the
parolee's life and initiate revocation for violations.
a. Cop
b. social worker
c. welfare worker
d. paternal officer
Today, parole boards release approximately __________ of all inmates up for parole.
a. 25 percent
b. 40 percent
c. 50 percent
d. 65 percent
Most people would hardly call their own job a _________ if they had been seen at work
only three or four times.
a. habit
b. career
c. plan
d. calling
A far larger portion of correctional budgets goes to institutions for:
a. women.
b. men.
c. mothers.
d. the mentally ill.
According to the author, A majority of correctional officers are:
a. from urban settings.
b. minority group members.
c. from rural settings.
d. college educated.
In the 1800s jails began to change in response to:
a. the penitentiary movement.
b. the king's wishes.
c. capitalism.
d. overcrowding.
Americans have traditionally tended to equate which of the following most with
punishment?
a. Probation
b. Prison
c. Parole
d. House arrest
Which of the following correctional changes can be attributed to the prisoners' rights
movement?
a. improvement in institutional living conditions and administrative practices of many
prisons
b. review by correctional officials of many of their procedures and organizational
structures
c. both of these
d. neither of these
Which important scholar argued that criminals and their punishment are functional in
society, help to define norms and expectations for conformity?
a. Emile Durkheim
b. Cesare Beccaria
c. Travis Hirshchi
d. Cesare Lombroso
After an inmate has served time equal to the total sentence minus "good time," if any,
he or she will receive:
a. conditional release.
b. discretionary release.
c. mandatory release.
d. none of these.
The cost of maintaining a(n) __________ inmate is much higher than costs associated
with other incarcerated populations.
a. elderly
b. younger
c. female
d. male
A new force for steady correctional growth and development that is likely to outstrip
professional association and government agencies is:
a. you.
b. television.
c. professors of criminal justice.
d. comprehensive research.
80% of the jails in the United States have a ______________ jurisdiction.
Three factors influence the offender's adjustment into society including the parole
officer, parole bureaucracy and the experiences of the _______________.
President Barack Obama signed The Fair Sentencing Act of ____________ eliminating
the mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine use by offenders.
A _____________ prison is designed to prevent escapes and violence but in a less rigid
atmosphere.
States with higher unemployment have a higher prison population.
If parole is a privilege, then its _____________ process is not subject to due process or
rules of evidence.
We can view the criminal justice system as a ___________, because it operates as a
large offender selection bureaucracy.
_____________ are seven times more likely than whites to have been incarcerated at
some time in a state or federal prison.
Violent offenders commit the least number of crimes.
States with more-generous welfare benefits have higher prison populations.
Constitutions tend to be very clear.
The Enlightenment period recognized that people in America and Europe began to
rethink procedural matters toward offenders.
The restorative justice approach views crime as more than a violation of penal code
requiring accountability to victims on the part of the offender.
When the justice system brings the more serious cases forward for more severe
punishments, it acts as a selective _________.
______________________increases the effectiveness of correctional treatment by
having the probation officer interact with the client while promoting the clients change
process.
Correctional officers have total power over inmates.
