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B. is effective in producing positive organizational outcomes
C. contains evidence-based research that the strategies to develop authentic leadership
increases authentic leadership behaviors
D. is something that all people have the capacity to learn, according to research findings
51. The prescriptive part of authentic leadership connects the ______.
A. moral reasoning capacity with hope and optimism
B. five dimensions of authentic leadership to the associated behaviors
C. inter– and intrapersonal perspectives with the developmental perspective
D. positive psychological capacities with intrapersonal perspectives
52. There is no single accepted definition of authentic leadership, but it can be
conceptualized in how many ways?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
53. A negative feature of authentic leadership is that ______.
A. It is a process that can be learned.
B. The practical approach lacks substantial research support.
C. It is appealing to people looking for good leaders.
D. It provides ideas for how to develop as an authentic leader.
54. The intrapersonal definition of authentic leadership states that leadership ______.
A. is not a trait but a skill that can be learned
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B. is a transactional process between leaders and followers
C. allows followers to affect leaders
D. grows out of the life story of the leader
55. The developmental definition of authentic leadership states that leadership ______.
A. involves followers’ commitment to the leader’s values
B. involves followers’ commitment to developing their own skills
C. grows out of the leader’s self-awareness and morality
D. is based on the unique traits of the leader
56. The interpersonal definition of authentic leadership views leadership as ______.
A. leading from conviction
B. action based on the values of the leader
C. growing out of the personality traits of the leader
D. adapting to the beliefs and values of followers
57. Which of the following is not a component of Walumbwa and associates’ review of
authentic leadership?
A. self-awareness
B. courage
C. internalized moral perspective
D. balanced processing
58. Which of the following psychological attributes is not part of Luthans and Avolio’s
(2003) model of authentic leadership?
A. confidence
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B. humility
C. optimism
D. resilience
59. The early research on authentic leadership grew out of an underdeveloped area of
which branch of leadership studies?
A. the trait approach
B. the skills approach
C. transformational leadership
D. leader–member exchange theory
60. Which of the following scholars identified four components of authenticity, including
self-awareness, balanced processing, relational transparency, and internalized moral
perspective?
A. Terry
B. George
C. Walumbwa et al.
D. Luthans and Avolio
61. Who used research from the fields of positive psychology and positive
organizational behavior to identify psychological attributes that contribute to authentic
leadership?
A. Terry
B. George
C. Walumbwa et al.
D. Luthans and Avolio
62. Which of the following scholars argued that followers want to have an open, trusting
relationship with their leaders, and will then give them greater loyalty and commitment?
A. Terry
B. George
C. Walumbwa et al.
D. Luthans and Avolio
63. Based on Bill George’s authentic leadership approach, which of the following are not
related?
A. compassion and relationships
B. consistency and self-discipline
C. passion and purpose
D. behavior and values
64. Which of the following is least accurate about the self-discipline dimension in
George’s authentic leadership approach?
A. It is the quality that helps leaders reach their goals.
B. It gives leaders focus and determination.
C. It provides leaders the energy to carry out work in accordance with their values.
D. It is what enables a trusting relationship.
65. Which of the following statements about authentic leadership is false?
A. Research on authentic leadership is very recent.
B. The theoretical approach is based on real-life examples.
C. There is no single accepted definition of authentic leadership.
D. Authentic leadership is prescriptive.
66. According to Walumbwa and associates, which is not one of the four components of
authentic leadership?
A. self-awareness
B. internalized moral perspective
C. ethical reasoning
D. relational transparency
67. Which of the following is not one of the four key positive psychological attributes that
have an impact on authentic leadership?
A. gregariousness
B. confidence
C. resilience
D. hope
68. Which of the following is a criticism of authentic leadership?
A. Authentic leadership implies that leaders are motivated by justice and community.
B. Authentic leadership provides broad guidelines for individuals who want to become
authentic leaders.
C. Everyone can develop authenticity and learn to be more authentic.
D. The concepts presented in the practical approaches are not fully substantiated.
69. The three definitions of authentic leadership are ______.
A. interactional, legitimate, and interpersonal
B. intrapersonal, developmental, and interpersonal
C. sincere, devotional, and fluid
D. practical, intentional, and sociable
70. Defining authentic leadership as something that grows in people over a lifetime and
can be triggered by major life events is to define it as ______.
A. structural
B. intrapersonal
C. developmental
D. charismatic
71. Critical life events affect authentic leadership because ______.
A. they influence a multitude of people
B. they act as a catalyst for change
C. they are a common occurrence
D. they reinforce patterned behaviors
72. Stating that authentic leadership provides broad guidelines for those who wish to
become authentic leaders is ______.
A. an overgeneralization
B. an inaccurate statement
C. a weakness of authentic leadership
D. a strength of authentic leadership
73. According to the text, which person exemplifies authentic leadership with strong
moral values and strong conscience?
A. Nelson Mandela
B. Bill Gates
C. Eleanor Roosevelt
D. Winston Churchill
74. Bill George suggests that spending time with other ethnic groups or traveling to a
developing country can help a person develop which characteristic of authentic
leadership?
A. consistency
B. connectedness
C. compassion
D. cultural competence
75. The positive psychological capacities outlined in the theoretical model of authentic
leadership by Luthans and Avolio are said to be ______.
A. both trait-like and learnable
B. skills that can only be learned in childhood
C. consequences of major life events
D. more often found in females than males
76. When Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz was a child, he witnessed his family struggle
after his father was hurt on the job. As a business leader now, Schultz provides
comprehensive health insurance to all employees, even part–time workers. Schultz’s
authentic leadership in this way is an example of ______.
A. balanced processing
B. positive psychological capacities
C. a critical life event
D. management by exception
77. Authentic leaders are perceived as more ______ by their followers.
A. intelligent
B. competitive
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C. experienced
D. believable
78. The moral dimension of the authentic leadership approach is considered ______.
A. both a strength and an area of criticism
B. unnecessary because leader morality has no impact on followers
C. relevant only to leadership in the civic sector
D. a source of several authentic leadership training programs
79. The authentic leadership approach assumes that ______.
A. people can develop authenticity over a lifetime
B. critical life events in childhood set a fixed capacity for authenticity
C. only a fraction of people have the capability to be authentic leaders
D. authentic leadership is too abstract to be measured
80. All of the following are antecedents that influence the components in the authentic
leadership process except ______.
A. positive psychological capacities
B. critical life events
C. moral Reasoning
D. self-Awareness
1. The research on authentic leadership is well developed.
2. There is no single accepted definition of authentic leadership.
3. According to Walumbwa et al. (2010), when leaders are authentic, employees
engage in more organizational citizenship behaviors.
4. A personal trauma that leads a person to becoming an authentic leader is known as a
trigger event.
5. Self-discipline is a dimension of authentic leadership in George’s model.
6. The life story of the leader is an important part of developing authenticity, according
to Shamir and Eilam.
7. Relational transparency refers to soliciting viewpoints from those who disagree with
you and giving them fair consideration.
8. The research data on authentic leadership strongly supports the notion that using the
prescribed leadership behaviors increases authentic leadership outcomes.
9. Optimism is a factor that influences authentic leadership.
10. Moral reasoning is a factor that influences our capacity to make ethical decisions.
1. What does it mean to define authentic leadership from a developmental perspective?
2. Briefly describe the two approaches to authentic leadership outlined in the text.
3. Why is a compass sometimes used as a symbol for authentic leadership?
4. Jared has been called an authentic leader. He has a keen sense of his own
strengths, weaknesses, motives, and values. Jared is open and honest in the way he
presents himself to his team members and is often said to be “real.” Which two
components of the theoretical model of authentic leadership is Jared expressing?
5. When a politician explains how she overcame a difficult childhood and endured
hardships only to emerge as a success story, she is describing which of the positive
psychological capacities associated with the theoretical model of authentic leadership?
1. Name and describe a person in your life who exemplifies authentic leadership. In
your description, apply at least 3 of the authentic leader characteristics from George’s
practical model.
2. If authentic leaders “understand their own values, place followers’ needs above their
own, and work with followers to align their interests in order to create a greater common
good,” how is this leadership?
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3. Can leaders be more or less authentic? Or is authenticity like pregnancy: either you
are or aren’t authentic?
4. Defend or refute: Authentic leadership and ethical leadership are basically the same.
5. How would a follower be able to identify, and perhaps identify with, a leader who is
using authentic leadership?
