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SAGE Publications, 2019
52. In 2017, approximately what percentage of privately owned businesses were
women owned?
A. 75%
B. 15%
C. 30%
D. 50%
53. Which of the following statements is false?
A. women are showing a greater presence in top leadership positions
B. men earn more bachelor’s degrees than women
C. women still have less employment continuity than men
D. organizations with women heading them have more financial success
54. Human capital considerations outlined in the leadership labyrinth include all the
following except ______.
A. developmental opportunities
B. work-home conflict
C. self-promotion
D. education
55. What scholar(s) used meta-analysis to research gender and leadership style?
A. Eagly and Carli
B. Heilman
C. Bowles and McGinn
D. Powell and Vecchio
56. Norma and Joel work in a legal firm. They both are aware of a potential promotion
coming up soon. In the last project they did, Joel put most of the paperwork on Norma,
and she gladly took on the extra workload. However, when their boss was
complimenting the project, Norma let Joel take the credit and acted as if they both did
the same amount of work. This is an example of what advancement barrier for Norma?
A. gender stereotypes
B. work experience
C. developmental opportunities
D. self-promotion
57. Which of the following statements is true?
A. Men earn more bachelor’s degrees than women.
B. More than 30% of the US Congress is made up of women.
C. Women make up about 50% of people in managerial/professional positions.
D. Women have as much work experience and job continuity as men.
58. Dora is in charge of the third-shift cashiers at a 24-hr superstore. She has worked
there for 5 years and recently found out there is an opportunity to make more money if
she can move to the stock room and manage the employees there. Dora goes to her
boss, Gary, and asks if she can be considered for the transfer and promotion. Gary tells
Dora, “Sorry, we really need someone that can lift and throw stock around, so I‘m going
to give it to one of our guys.” What advancement barrier is Dora facing?
A. developmental opportunities
B. gender stereotypes
C. style and effectiveness
D. negotiation
59. Which of the following is not listed as a gender difference in the leadership
labyrinth?
A. self-promotion
B. cross-pressures
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C. style and effectiveness
D. commitment and motivation
60. According to the leadership labyrinth, which of the following is a characteristic of
prejudice?
A. work-home conflict
B. cross-pressures
C. style and effectiveness
D. work experience
61. In what decade did researchers start paying attention to issues of gender and
leadership?
A. 1960s
B. 1970s
C. 1980s
D. 1990s
62. What characteristic is considered a gender stereotype of women?
A. independence
B. rationality
C. decisiveness
D. helpfulness
63. According to research, which of the following is not a described level of promoting
leadership effectiveness?
A. interpersonal level
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
B. organizational level
C. governmental level
D. individual level
64. One cultural change organizations can make to reduce the leadership gap for
women is ______.
A. challenging the assumption of work-family separation
B. requiring annual performance reviews
C. allowing more homosocial reproduction in selection for elite leadership positions
D. promoting college education so women can reach educational parity with men
65. A developmental experience that helps women rise to top leadership positions is
______.
A. servant leadership
B. nepotism
C. inclusion in key networks
D. college education
66. Research shows that women in management roles have ______.
A. less education than men
B. a lack of human skills
C. less inclusion in key networks
D. more likelihood to quit their job
67. Some researchers have suggested replacing the metaphor “glass ceiling” with a
“labyrinth” because ______.
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SAGE Publications, 2019
A. a labyrinth suggests an easy way forward for women in the professional workplace
B. a glass ceiling was considered a racist term and fell out of favor in the 1990s
C. ceiling implies a single common barrier whereas a labyrinth connotes a more
complex journey
D. male managers were also facing barriers at work and wanted to change the
terminology
68. Women who take advantage of workplace leave policies and flexible work programs
are often ______.
A. unmarried women
B. marginalized when they return
C. promoted when they return
D. seen as role models by powerful men
69. Jenna is a firefighter who was promoted to chief last year. Her subordinates, who
are mostly male, recently completed an evaluation of her leadership. According to
research, it is most likely that her evaluation results will show that she is ______.
70. Research conducted on U.S. populations has shown that compared to men, women
______.
A. are more likely to self-promote
B. are less likely to serve as social facilitators
C. more drawn to roles such as “facilitator” instead of “leader”
D. are less likely to have an advanced degree
71. Research has shown that, compared to self-promoting men, self-promoting women
are viewed as ______.
A. more effective
B. less socially attractive
C. role models by lower-level men
D. more attractive to hiring managers
72. What are two types of responses women have when they face gender-based
leadership stereotype?
A. fight and flight behaviors
B. vulnerability and stereotype-countering behaviors
C. homosocial reproduction and negotiating
D. navigation and inspirational motivation
73. Agentic characteristics include ______.
A. assertiveness
B. warmth
C. sensitivity
D. conscientiousness
74. One reason females face impediments to the leadership domain is ______.
A. Incongruity between the leadership role and the female gender role
B. Women are not in the workplace pipeline to a large enough volume
C. Women have been shown to be less effective leaders compared to men
D. Women are less committed to their jobs than men are
75. Which of the following is most accurate about women and law degrees?
A. women earn about 10% of all law degrees in the U.S.
B. women and men earn law degrees and rise to partner positions in law firms at equal
rates
C. a woman is only about half as likely to graduate with a law degree than a man is
D. women earn about half of all law degrees but comprise less than a quarter of law firm
partners
76. As it relates to values held by men and women in leadership roles, which of the
following has been found by researchers?
A. women tend to focus more on social values that promote others’ welfare more so
than men
B. male CEOs tend to focus more on a servant leadership approach
C. male and female leaders hold the same personal values
D. women in leadership roles tend to focus on the passive version of management by
exception
77. Research has found all of the following gender differences that advantage men for
leadership roles except ______.
A. men associate power with fewer negative outcomes
B. men place more importance on power-related goals
C. men are earning advanced degrees at a far higher rate
D. men are more likely to take advantage of opportunities for advancement
78. Recent research has shown that when looking to hire their replacements, males
leaders who prefer group hierarchies in society show strong preference for ______.
A. the advancement of women in elite leadership roles
B. gender equal leadership contexts
C. men and women of color in leader roles
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D. leaders who are White and male
79. Considering women of color in leadership positions, which of the following is most
accurate?
A. no research has been conducted in this area
B. recent studies have shown that Black women experience bias differently than White
women
C. black women have the same experience with bias as do Black men
D. decades of study on this topic reveal that no differences exist among women of
various races
1. Men earn more master’s degrees than women.
2. The number of women who successfully navigate the labyrinth is on the rise.
3. The majority of organizational research applies equally well to people of all colors,
abilities, and sexual orientations.
4. The research on female and male leadership has generally tended to focus on
establishing differences between women and men.
5. Research data suggests the gender gap in leadership is starting to close.
6. Developing and promoting women leaders is in the best interest of employers.
7. Meta-analyses show that women and men leaders have many similarities.
8. When both genders use an autocratic, directive leadership style, females are
evaluated differently than men.
9. Studies have shown that men are less effective than women when they supervise a
higher proportion of male subordinates.
10. Many studies have shown that organizations often have higher standards of
performance and effort for women.
1. What are the three categories of challenges outlined in Eagly and Carli’s model of a
leadership labyrinth?
2. Name three counties in the world with a woman currently or recently occupying the
highest level of political leadership.
3. Name the four levels at which leadership effectiveness can be promoted for women.
4. Give one shortcoming of the research findings on leadership and gender presented in
the textbook.
5. Some researchers have argued that for women to begin occupying more and more
elite leadership positions, this one societal structure will need to change. What is it?
1. What evidence is there for the existence of a glass ceiling?
2. Explain the “pipeline” argument regarding women’s advancement to leadership
positions and offer evidence to support or refute it.
3. Explain how stereotype assimilation and stereotype reactance relate to women’s
leadership performance.
4. Describe the social costs that women leaders experience for promoting themselves.
5. Discuss the meaning of this statement: “Gender biases can be particularly
detrimental in the decision-making processes for selecting elite leaders, given that the
generally unstructured nature of those decisions allows biased decisions without
accountability.”
6. Why should men be concerned about the labyrinth of women’s leadership?
Ans: The “labyrinth” of women’s leadership comprises social and structural inequalities