Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
Test Bank
Chapter 15: Gender and Leadership
Multiple Choice
1. Which statement is true about women and leadership?
A. women are less effective leaders compared with men
B. women are not in high level leadership positions
C. women are underrepresented in elite leadership positions
D. women all lead differently than men
2. Women occupy what approximate percentage of all management and professional
positions in American organizations?
A. 10%
B. 25%
C. 50%
D. 70%
3. Women hold approximately how many Fortune 500 CEO positions ______.
A. 5%
B. 15%
C. 25%
D. 35%
4. The number of women of color in U.S. Congress is ______.
A. higher than White males
B. lower than White females
C. higher than all males
D. 50% of all women in Congress
Northouse, Leadership 8e
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5. In which of the following ways does empirical research support small differences in
leadership styles and effectiveness between men and women?
A. women are less effective in leading than men, regardless of industry type
B. women are slightly more effective than men in education and social service positions
C. men use more democratic styles than women
D. men use more participatory styles than women
6. A global phenomenon whereby women are disproportionately concentrated in lower–
level and lower authority leadership positions is the definition of ______.
A. the leadership jungle gym
B. the global gender gap
C. the human capital gender gap
D. the gender gap in leadership
7. Which statement describes the pipeline of women in the workforce?
A. women lack the training and human capital that prepares them for upper
management
B. men are obtaining college degrees at a far higher rate than women
C. women have the training and human capital that prepares them for upper
management
D. training and education are not relevant to the leadership labyrinth
8. Which is true of human capital differences that affect the labyrinth?
A. women assume more responsibility for domestic duties than men
B. men are assuming fewer domestic duties and child-rearing roles
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
C. women are less interested in leadership roles
D. men leave leadership roles often to take on more domestic duties
9. The gender leadership gap occurs because ______.
A. women choose the “mommy track”
B. women using flexible time are often marginalized
C. women are not in the pipeline
D. women do not possess the right leadership skills
10. Women who are promoted to leadership positions that place them in precarious
situations with greater risk are in positions called the ______.
A. glass ceiling
B. glass labyrinth
C. glass window
D. glass cliff
11. In a meta-analysis by Eagly and Johnson, women were found to lead ______.
A. in a more interpersonal style than men
B. in a less task-oriented style than men
C. in a more democratic style than men
D. in a more egalitarian style than men
12. When women use a more masculine manner of leadership, ______.
A. their leadership was devalued
B. their leadership was viewed positively
C. their leadership was viewed as ineffective
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
D. their leadership was viewed as effective
13. When studying gender differences in transformational leadership, which statement
is true?
A. men use more transformational leadership
B. women using transformational leadership are highly valued
C. women engage in more contingent reward than men
D. men are devalued when using transformational leadership
14. In middle management positions where communal interpersonal skills are highly
valued, ______.
A. men were seen as more effective than women
B. men and women were seen as equally effective
C. women were seen as more effective than men
D. effectiveness was not determined
15. High level of interpersonal skills in mid-level management is consistent with the
principles in which leadership model?
A. Katz’s Skills Model
B. Blake and Mouton’s Leadership Grid
C. the Practical Authentic Leadership Model
D. the Full Model of Transformational Leadership
16. Women were found to be more effective than men ______.
A. when in gender neutral leadership roles
B. when in middle-management positions
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
C. in military leadership positions
D. in masculine role leadership positions
17. A barrier to women’s advancement in leadership positions is ______.
A. women’s lack of interest in assuming high level leadership positions
B. women have less motivation to lead
C. women are more likely than men to view their roles as workers as secondary to their
roles as parents and partners
D. women are less likely to promote themselves for leadership positions
18. Common gender stereotypes in the leadership gender gap are ______.
A. men take care, women take charge
B. women take care, men take charge
C. women do not support other women
D. women use more power-oriented leadership styles
19. Cognitive shortcuts that influence the way people process information regarding
groups and group members are defined as ______.
A. stereotypes
B. prejudices
C. ethnocentrism
D. agentics
20. “Men just seem to be naturally better at leadership than women; that’s just a fact!”
This statement is an example of ______.
A. prejudice
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
B. gender egalitarianism
C. institutional collectivism
D. diversity
21. Which of the following is a communal characteristic?
A. sensitivity
B. confidence
C. assertiveness
D. rationality
22. Gender-biased prejudice is defined as ______.
A. bias based on known fact about gender differences
B. bias based on the typically male gender leadership roles
C. bias based on the typically female gender leadership roles
D. bias based on gender stereotypical characteristics
23. When we use gender stereotypes in interactions with others ______.
A. females benefit
B. males benefit
C. it often leads to biased judgments
D. we solve gender-based problems using facts
24. Applying role congruity theory, which is true about women in leadership roles?
A. their stereotypical agentic leadership results in more promotion to leadership roles
B. their stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders
C. males’ stereotypical communal leadership results in prejudice against female leaders
Northouse, Leadership 8e
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D. males’ stereotypical agentic leadership is inconsistent with female leadership
promotion
25. A tendency for a group to reproduce itself in its own image is the definition of
______.
A. homosocial reproduction
B. gender stereotyping
C. agentic behavior
D. communal behavior
26. Taking gender stereotypes into account, women in leadership roles face a cross-
pressure to ______.
A. appear more masculine than feminine
B. appear masculine, but not too manly
C. appear feminine and communal
D. only associate with other women
27. Which is not a stereotype of gender influences on leadership?
A. females are sometimes too masculine
B. females are sometimes not feminine enough
C. males have more communal characteristics
D. males have more agentic characteristics
28. Women respond to the gender-based leadership stereotype by ______.
A. decreasing use of communal characteristics
B. using more agentic characteristics
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C. decreasing use of power over followers
D. avoiding conflicts in the workplace
29. Responses women have to gender-based stereotypes depend on which of the
following factors?
A. degree to which the followers engage in emotionally intelligent behaviors
B. the followers’ self-efficacy
C. the power the leader holds
D. experience the leader has in dealing with gender bias
30. When women experience multiple gender-based threats, they are likely to respond
with ______.
A. self-efficacy
B. stereotype-countering behaviors
C. reactance
D. deleterious vulnerability
31. Supportive mentoring and networking for women are helpful in ______.
A. reducing the gender pay gap
B. increasing female leadership power
C. reducing the need for women to take maternity leave
D. reducing the leadership gap
32. What is one difficulty women have in achieving higher-level leadership positions?
A. lack of ability to run their own businesses
B. negotiating for valued positions
C. using too many communal characteristics
D. using too many agentic characteristics
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
33. Approximately what percentage of all privately owned businesses are owned by
women?
A. 10%
B. 20%
C. 30%
D. 40%
34. Many of the difficulties women face in navigating the labyrinth stem from ______.
A. male dominance behaviors
B. the incongruity in gender roles and the leadership role
C. a lack of education and experience
D. women’s inability to be successful at upper-leadership roles
35. The double standard women face in leadership roles is ______.
A. they must be competent and appropriately feminine
B. they must be competent and appropriately masculine
C. they must be educated and communal
D. they must be educated and agentic
36. Which style of leadership is beneficial for women to use if they want to successfully
navigate the leadership labyrinth?
A. authentic
B. servant
C. transformational
D. team style in the Leadership Grid
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
37. When women use negotiation tactics to promote themselves in obtaining leadership
positions, ______.
A. they typically get fired
B. they face greater social costs than men
C. they are viewed positively by men
D. they are typically successful
38. A strength of studying the research on gender and leadership is ______.
A. the inequity in gender pay is a significant factor keeping women from elite leadership
roles
B. contemporary notions of effective leadership styles are now more feminine
C. contemporary notions of effective leadership styles are now more androgynous
D. the inequity in female-owned private businesses clearly impacts the gender
leadership gap
39. Research has found that gender bias and leadership ______.
A. is overt
B. is subtle
C. is predominantly masculine
D. is predominantly feminine
40. A criticism of the gender and leadership discussion is ______.
A. the research on gender stereotypes is focused on males
B. the research on gender stereotypes is focused on females
C. there is little research about stereotypes between the genders
Northouse, Leadership 8e
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D. studying the gender demographic alone limits the understanding of leadership in
other diversity demographics
41. Research on gender and leadership has been conducted primarily in ______.
A. Western contexts
B. the United States of America
C. Eastern European contexts
D. Southeast Asian contexts
42. What is not a result found by meta-analyses on characteristics and behaviors of
female and male leaders?
A. women devalued when they worked in male-dominated environments.
B. women devalued when the evaluators were men.
C. women evaluated favorably when they used directive or autocratic styles.
D. women led in a more democratic style than men.
43. A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of female and male leaders found all
of these except ______.
A. overall, women and men were equally effective leaders
B. women and men were more effective in leadership roles congruent with their gender
C. men were more effective than women in government and education organizations
D. women led in a more democratic style than men
44. In the area of human capital differences, what is not true for women?
A. They have fewer responsibilities in the same jobs as men.
B. They confront greater barriers to establish mentor relationships.
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
C. They occupy more than half of all management and professional positions.
D. They tend to self-select themselves out of leadership tracks.
45. Research on transformational leadership did not find that ______.
A. all four components of transformational leadership are positively related to leadership
effectiveness.
B. men tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than women.
C. women tend to engage in more contingent reward behavior than men.
D. men’s styles tend to be less transformational than women’s.
46. Which of the following leadership traits or skills is more likely to belong to men than
to women?
A. intelligence
B. initiative
C. persuasiveness
D. authoritativeness
47. According to research, when a woman leader encounters gender–leader
stereotypes, her likely response ______.
A. is to ignore it if it is an isolated gender stereotype threat.
B. is to push back more strongly if the threats are combined.
C. is to seek support from a more powerful leader in the organization.
D. is to display a vulnerable response if the threats are combined.
48. According to research, one way women can advance in leadership is ______.
A. by blending individualized consideration with inspirational motivation
Northouse, Leadership 8e
SAGE Publications, 2019
B. by strongly resisting stereotype threats
C. by acting masculine and assertive and not in feminine ways
D. by leading in a more democratic manner than men
49. Due to researchers identifying problems with the term glass ceiling, an alternative
metaphor now used is ______.
A. glass escalator
B. leadership labyrinth
C. whirlpool effect
D. corporate cupboard
50. Which of the following is not a cited reason for women’s underrepresentation in
leadership roles?
A. human capital
B. gender differences
C. prejudice
D. intelligence
51. In the “promoting leadership effectiveness” model, what is a listed goal at the
interpersonal level?
A. decreasing gender stereotypes
B. organizational changes
C. using effective leadership styles
D. gender equity in domestic responsibilities