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Test Bank
Chapter 7: The Verbal Code
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following statements best characterizes the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
a. A person's race and language are inherently linked.
b. The language of a particular culture is innately "hard-wired" in the people.
c. The way one thinks is determined by the language one speaks.
d. Language is inherently symbolic.
2. Which of the following is the best definition of a symbol?
a. an arbitrarily selected and learned stimulus representing something else
b. an arbitrary stimulus naturally connected to its referent
c. an arbitrarily selected and learned phoneme that represents a morpheme
d. an arbitrarily selected and learned morpheme that represents a phoneme
3. The rules and/or grammar of a language are called its ______.
a. phonemes
b. morphemes
c. symbols
d. syntax
4. Which of the following statements best characterizes the concept of generative grammar?
a. From a finite set of sounds and rules, speakers of any language can create an infinite number
of sentences.
b. From an infinite set of sounds and rules, speakers of any language can create a finite number
of sentences.
c. From a finite set of sounds and rules, speakers of any language can create a finite number of
sentences.
d. From an infinite set of sounds and rules, speakers of any language can create an infinite
number of sentences.
5. Which of the following statements best describes a restricted code?
a. a code wherein the options are limited as to what a speaker can say or do verbally
b. a code wherein the options are unlimited as to what a speaker can say or do verbally
c. a code wherein speakers can choose from among a variety of linguistic options to
communicate
d. a code wherein the symbol system is not generative
6. Which of the following statements best describes an elaborated code?
a. a code wherein the options are limited as to what a speaker can say or do verbally
b. a code wherein the options are unlimited as to what a speaker can say or do verbally
c. a code wherein speakers can choose from among a variety of linguistic options to
communicate
d. a code wherein the symbol system is not generative
7. When using a direct style of communication, ______.
a. people communicate overt expressions of intention
b. people only hint at their intentions
c. true understanding is implicit and nonverbal
d. people generate more sentences.
8. Cultures that favor a succinct style of communication ______.
a. prefer personalized and often exaggerated speech
b. say no more or less than is needed
c. value the use of concise talk and silence
d. are usually individualistic and high context
9. Cultures that favor an exacting style of communication ______.
a. prefer personalized and often exaggerated speech
b. say no more or less than is needed
c. value the use of concise talk and silence
d. are usually individualistic and high context
10. A contextual style of communication tends to ______.
a. amplify the individual identity of the speaker
b. accentuate and highlight one's role identity and status
c. be very direct and precise
d. include the use of personal pronouns
11. Which of the following statements best describes an instrumental style of communication?
a. a style where the quantity of talk is not emphasized
b. a style where the quantity of talk is accented
c. a style where messages are constructed to influence others and maintain one's face
d. a style where messages are receiver and process oriented
12. Which of the following statements best describes an affective style of communication?
a. a style where the quantity of talk is not emphasized
b. a style where the quantity of talk is accented
c. a style where messages are constructed to influence others and maintain one's face
d. a style where messages are receiver and process oriented
13. High context collectivistic cultures generally prefer which type of communication styles?
a. Direct and instrumental.
b. Direct and affective.
c. Indirect and instrumental.
d. Indirect and affective.
True/False
1. Culture, race, and language are historically distinct. A person’s race does not determine what
language he or she will speak.
2. The principle of linguistic determinism posits that the way one thinks is determined by the
language one speaks.
3. All languages consist of a systematic set of morphemes, combined with a set of codes, for the
purpose of creating meaningful phonemes.
4. The letters of a language’s alphabet are symbols representing sounds, called phonemes.
Phonemes are the smallest unit of sound in a language.
5. Chomsky argues that all human languages share a universal grammar that is innate in the
human species and culturally invariant.
6. Generative grammar is the idea that from a finite set of sounds and a finite set of rules,
speakers of any language can create an infinite number of sentences.
7. A direct verbal style, often seen in high-context and collectivistic cultures, is one where the
speaker’s intentions are hidden or only hinted at during interaction.
8. In cultures that employ a personal style, the social context dictates word choice, especially
personal pronouns.
9. An instrumental style of communication is receiver and process oriented.
10. To be able to read a Japanese newspaper, one would need to know and understand at least
2,000 basic characters.
11. Some research has shown that countries where gendered languages are spoken evidence less
gender equality compared to countries with other grammatical gender systems.
Essay/Short Answer
1. What is the fundamental tenet of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and how have contemporary
linguists reacted to it?
2. Compare and contrast elaborated and restricted codes.
3. Compare and contrast direct and indirect styles of communication.
4. Select two U.S. dialects and explain their differences in pronunciation, grammatical structures,
vocabulary, and pitch.
