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83.
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
None of the southern provinces of Spain were outside the control of the Moors before the
end of the fifteenth century. So all the provinces of Andalucia must have been within
Moorish control, because all of them are southern provinces.
S = provinces of southern Spain; M = provinces within the control of the Moors (before
the end of the fifteenth century); A = provinces of Andalucia.
All S are M. (Which we get by obverting the original, no S are non-M.)
All A are S.
Therefore, all A are M.
Valid.
84.
Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism, and determine whether it is valid.
All comets that are easily visible are taken as supernatural appearances by religious cults,
and the Hale-Bopp comet was the brightest, easiest-to-see comet of a generation. So it
was easy to conclude that the cults would make a big, supernatural deal out of it.
V = easily visible comets; H = comets identical with Hale-Bopp; C = objects that religious
cults consider an appearance of the supernatural.
All V are C.
All H are V.
Therefore, all H are C.
Valid.
85.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Whoa, don’t enroll in that class, man. That’s a physics class; all those people must be
brains.
All people in that class are people in a physics class; [all people in a physics class are
brains]; therefore, all people in that class are brains. Valid.
86.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Nobody can fall off a bike like that and not be injured, so he’s injured.
All persons who fall off bikes in that manner are injured persons; [he is a person who fell
off a bike in that manner]; therefore, he is an injured person. Valid.
87.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
It seems like everyone who goes to lots of movies loves Julia Roberts; I guess Becky must
go to lots of movies.
All people who go to lots of movies are Julia Roberts fans; [Becky is a Julia Roberts fan];
88.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Nobody gets married around Christmas except people who don’t care about making their
friends fight the holiday travel rush, and she couldn’t care less about her friends. Draw
your own conclusion.
All people who get married around Christmas are people who don’t care about their
friends; she is a person who doesn’t care about her friends; [therefore, she is a person
who will get married around Christmas.] Invalid.
89.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Robert Stewart actually thinks computers get in the way of true scholarship. He thinks
they make people lazy.
All people who use computers are people who are lazy; [no people who are lazy are good
scholars]; therefore, no people who use computers are good scholars. Valid.
90.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
The guys must have gone home early, since none of them were at the Bear.
All members of the guys’ group are people not at the Bear; [all people not at the Bear are
people who went home early]; therefore, all members of the guys’ group are people who
went home early. Valid.
91.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Granita is in a good mood. It’s her birthday.
All people whose birthday it is are people in a good mood; [Granita is a person whose
birthday it is;] therefore, Granita is a person in a good mood. Valid.
92.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Some family men are not gamblers, since no gamblers are prudes.
No gamblers are prudes; [some family men are prudes]; therefore, some family men are
not gamblers. Valid.
93.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
If you miss class, you fail the course, because you can’t learn anything if you miss class.
No people who learn something are people who miss class; [all people who pass the
course are people who learn something]; therefore, no people who miss class are people
who pass the course. Valid.
94.
Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion. Translate it into a standard-
form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Anyone who missed class failed the course. Therefore, Cecile missed class.
All people who missed class are people who failed; [Cecile is a person who failed;]
therefore, Cecile is a person who missed class. Invalid.
95.
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not all trees produce fruit.
Some trees do not produce fruit.
9-38
96.
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not all cars are eco-
friendly.
Some cars are not eco-friendly.
97.
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Basketball players cannot
run marathons.
No basketball players can run marathons.
98.
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Whenever Rosa sings,
people close their ears with their fingers.
All times Rosa sings are times people close their ears with their fingers.
99.
Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim: Not all journalists are
authors.
Some journalists are not authors.
100.
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth
values of the other claims.
a. True: All senators are politicians.
b. All senators are not politicians.
c. Some senators are politicians.
d. Some senators are not politicians.
b: False; c: True; d: False.
101.
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth
values of the other claims.
a. False: Some home movies are interesting.
b. Some home movies are not interesting.
c. All home movies are interesting.
d. All home movies are not interesting.
b: True; c: False; d: True.
9-40
102.
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth
values of the other claims.
a. True: No first basemen are right-handed people.
b. All first basemen are right-handed people.
c. Some first basemen are right-handed people.
d. Some first basemen are not right-handed-people.
b: False; c: False; d: True.
103.
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth
values of the other claims.
a. False: Some hamburgers are not healthy.
b. Some hamburgers are healthy.
c. No hamburgers are healthy.
d. All hamburgers are healthy.
b: True; c: False; d: True.
9-41
104.
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth
values of the other claims.
a. True: All teenagers drink alcohol.
b. No teenagers drink alcohol.
c. Some teenagers drink alcohol.
d. Some teenagers do not drink alcohol.
b: False; c: True; d: False.
105.
Using the square of opposition and the truth value of the first claim, determine the truth
values of the other claims.
a. False: Some capitalists are criminals.
b. Some capitalists are not criminals.
c. No capitalists are criminals.
d. All capitalists are criminals.
b: True; c: False; d: True.
9-42
106.
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the
second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.
a. Some engineers are not employed. (False)
b. All engineers are employed.
True.
107.
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the
second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.
a. All politicians are honest. (False)
b. Some politicians are honest.
Undetermined.
108.
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the
second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.
a. All college students are musicians. (True)
b. Some college students are not musicians.
False.
109.
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the
second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.
a. No cats are friendly. (True)
b. Some cats are friendly.
False.
110.
Using the items in Exercise 9-12 in your text as examples, determine the truth value of the
second claim (below) based on that given for the first claim.
a. All Kiwis are fruits. (True)
b. Some Kiwis are fruits.
Undetermined.
111.
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth
value of the claim you wind up with?
No cashiers are managers. (True)
(Contrapose, then find the contrary.)
Some nonmanagers are noncashiers. (False)
112.
Assume that the original claim is true, and follow the directions given. What is the truth
value of the claim you wind up with?
All cakes are edible desserts.
(obverse, then find the contradictory.)
Some cakes are nonedible desserts. (False)
