66) ________ refers to the degree of control employees have over their work.
A) Task identity
B) Task significance
C) Job scope
D) Job depth
67) Which one of the following is true about job enlargement and job enrichment?
A) Job enlargement efforts that focus solely on increasing the number of tasks are largely
effective in increasing employee motivation.
B) Research shows that job enrichment improves employee motivation and satisfaction.
C) Expanding the scope of knowledge used in a job leads to more job satisfaction, enhanced
customer service, and fewer errors.
D) Research shows that job enrichment is very useful in improving the quality of work of
employees.
68) In the job characteristics model, ________ refers to the degree to which a job requires
completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
A) task significance
B) skill variety
C) autonomy
D) task identity
69) The last worker in the assembly line put on the tires and tightened the lug nuts. When asked
what he did, he replied, “I build tractors.” For this worker, his position included ________.
A) high task identity
B) high task variety
C) high autonomy
D) high feedback
70) In the job characteristics model, task significance refers to the degree to which a job
________.
A) provides freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in carrying out the work
B) requires a variety of activities and uses a number of different employee skills and talents
C) requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
D) has a substantial impact on the lives or work of other people
71) “We can’t pay much but our clients could not manage without people like you in their lives.”
This statement indicates that the position has ________.
A) low self-efficacy
B) high task significance
C) high task identity
D) high feedback
72) In the job characteristics model, the dimension of ________ refers to the degree to which a
job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling
the work and determining the procedures to be used in carrying it out.
A) task significance
B) autonomy
C) task identity
D) skill variety
73) At 3M, workers are allowed up to 15% of their paid time to devote to projects of their own
choosing. For that time, workers have ________.
A) high task identity
B) high task significance
C) high autonomy
D) low feedback
74) In the job characteristics model, the dimension of ________ refers to the degree to which
doing work activities required by a job results in an individual obtaining direct and clear
information about the effectiveness of his or her performance.
A) task significance
B) feedback
C) task identity
D) autonomy
75) As a flower arranger, Beth doesn’t have to wait for someone to tell her. She can look at an
arrangement and know whether she did a good job. Beth’s job has ________.
A) low task significance
B) low skill variety
C) high feedback
D) high autonomy
76) According to the JCM, which three job characteristics are crucial to an employee
experiencing meaningfulness of his or her work?
A) autonomy, task identity, and task significance
B) skill variety, task identity, and task significance
C) autonomy, feedback, and task significance
D) skill variety, autonomy, and feedback
77) According to the JCM, which job characteristic leads to an employee experiencing
responsibility for outcomes of his or her work?
A) task significance
B) autonomy
C) feedback
D) skill variety
78) According to the JCM, which job characteristic results in the employee knowing about the
actual results of his or her work activities?
A) task significance
B) autonomy
C) feedback
D) skill variety
79) Sarah is using the JCM to redesign jobs for her small team of writers. After carefully
analyzing their jobs, she determines that while their jobs are high in skill variety, task identity,
task significance, and autonomy, they receive little feedback about their work. Which one of the
following steps will enable Sarah to improve this aspect of their jobs?
A) adding editing and proofreading duties to their existing work
B) allowing the writers to directly conduct business with their clients
C) allowing writers to choose their topics and assignments
D) making employees responsible for executing a piece of work from start to finish
80) “In jobs today, employees rely more and more on those around them for information, advice,
and assistance.” Which one of the following approaches to job design best reflects this
statement?
A) the relational perspective of work design
B) the job characteristics model
C) the proactive perspective of work design
D) high involvement work practices
81) The ________ of work design says that employees are taking the initiative to change how
their work is performed.
A) social model
B) proactive perspective
C) job characteristics model
D) relational perspective
82) The equity theory proposes that ________.
A) offering employees part of the company’s shares, or equity, motivates them to do their best
because their performance directly ties in with the company’s
B) employees expect that exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of
performance and will be demotivated if that does not happen
C) an employee compares his or her job’s input-outcomes ratio with that of relevant others and
then takes steps to correct any inequity
D) employees are more likely to show initiative at work if they are more involved in decisions
that affect their work
83) Coworkers Bob and Tom were comparing checks on Friday. Bob saw that Tom’s was
significantly larger, which made Bob unhappy. Which theory best explains Bob’s reaction?
A) Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory
B) Herzberg’s two-factor theory
C) Adams’ equity theory
D) Vroom’s expectancy theory
84) After seeing Tom’s paycheck, Bob decided their inputs were nearly identical but Tom’s check
was much larger. Bob decided to take action to make things fairer in his mind. He is most likely
to ________.
A) increase the quantity of his production
B) focus on the quality of his production
C) reduce his effort at work
D) find another person to compare checks with
85) ________ justice is the perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among
individuals.
A) Distributive
B) Restorative
C) Retributive
D) Procedural
86) When Bob discovered Tom had a larger paycheck for the same amount of effort, his concern
centered on ________ justice.
A) distributive
B) restorative
C) retributive
D) procedural
87) The company announced it would be laying off several workers because of the loss of
several large orders. Employees wondered how the workers to be laid off would be selected.
They were concerned with ________.
A) equity
B) distributive justice
C) procedural justice
D) need for achievement
88) In the expectancy theory, ________ is the probability perceived by the individual that
exerting a given amount of effort will lead to a certain level of performance.
A) expectancy
B) valence
C) instrumentality
D) saliency
89) In the expectancy theory, ________ is the degree to which the individual believes that
performing at a particular level is instrumental in attaining the desired outcome.
A) expectancy
B) valence
C) performance-reward linkage
D) effort-performance linkage
90) In the expectancy theory, ________ is the importance that the individual places on the
potential outcome or reward that can be achieved on the job.
A) expectancy
B) valence
C) instrumentality
D) saliency
91) Tammy’s boss has asked her to take on a project in addition to her regular work. According
to expectancy theory, Tammy will consider the instrumentality and ask herself, “________.”
A) Do I really have time to take on another project?
B) How much time will this project take?
C) What’s in it for me?
D) What are the odds that if I expend effort on the project my performance will be satisfactory to
the boss?
92) Bonnie’s boss has offered her baseball game tickets if she meets her sales goals this month.
Bonnie looked at him in disbelief and did not put forth the effort to meet the goals. According to
expectancy theory, from this we can surmise ________.
A) the expectancy was only moderate
B) the reward had low valence for Bonnie
C) the instrumentality was low
D) the effort-reward linkage was weak
93) According to the goal-setting theory, a generalized goal of “do your best” will produce a
higher output than specific, challenging goals.
94) Goal-setting theory works well as a motivator in cultures that are high in uncertainty
avoidance.
95) Evidence suggests goal-setting theory is directly related to job satisfaction.
96) Managers using reinforcement theory to motivate employees should ignore, not punish,
undesirable behavior.
97) The term job design refers to the way tasks are combined to form complete jobs.
98) Making jobs smaller and more specialized is the most effective way of motivating
employees.
99) Job enlargement refers to the horizontal expansion of a job by increasing job scope.
100) An enriched job allows workers to do an entire activity with increased freedom,
independence, and responsibility.
101) Evidence supports that job enrichment is by far the best method to motivate employees.
102) In the job characteristics model, task significance refers to the degree to which a job
requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work.
103) According to the job characteristics model, combining fragmented tasks will help increase
skill variety and task identity.
104) High-involvement work practices is another term for employee empowerment.
105) In equity theory, recent research shows that distributive justice has a greater influence on
employee satisfaction than procedural justice.
106) What does goal-setting theory tell us?
107) Explain the concepts of job enlargement and job enrichment with suitable examples and
analyze their effectiveness in motivating employees.
108) How can managers use the job characteristics model (JCM) to design jobs?
109) Which one of the following is true about managing cross-cultural motivational challenges?
A) Maslow’s needs hierarchy largely remains unchanged across cultures.
B) In masculine cultures such as Japan and Slovakia, the focus is on quality-of-life benefits.
C) Recent evidence suggests that in collectivist cultures, especially in the former socialist
countries of Central and Eastern Europe, employees link pay solely to performance.
D) Most current motivation theories were developed in the United States by Americans and
about Americans.
110) Which one of the following motivating factors or concepts is important to all workers,
regardless of their national culture?
A) extrinsic factors like pay
B) need for achievement
C) physiological needs as the foundational need in the needs hierarchy
D) interesting work
111) To maximize motivation among today’s workforce, managers need to think in terms of
________.
A) job autonomy
B) flexibility
C) job security
D) compensation
112) Studies tell us that younger men place more importance on having ________ in their jobs,
while younger women seek ________.
A) structure; interpersonal relationships
B) independence; highly structured work opportunities
C) autonomy; convenience and flexibility
D) flexibility; learning opportunities
113) Jack Hammer is a retired man who has decided to seek work with your company to
supplement his retirement income. As you consider whether he will be a good fit for your
department, you decide that he is likely to find satisfaction in the job because it ________.
A) is in a highly structured work environment
B) offers convenient and flexible work hours
C) is characterized by a high degree of independence
D) provides an opportunity for interpersonal relationships
114) Which one of the following is true about motivating unique groups of workers?
A) Higher pay is the only reward that is important to low-skilled, minimum-wage employees.
B) Flexible work arrangements have shown a strong link with high motivation levels.
C) Money and promotions are typically low on the priority list of professionals.
D) For most temp workers, the freedom they get from their temporary status is the main
motivator.
115) Temporary workers are often motivated by ________.
A) autonomy in their work and flexibility in their schedules
B) the opportunity to become regular, full-time employees
C) the ability to change assignments frequently
D) recognition and responsibility
116) Flipping burgers at the local drive-thru is Marla’s first job. She has no work experience, no
marketable skills. Which one of the following would you suggest her manager do to keep Marla
motivated to perform at her highest level?
A) Pay her more than minimum wage.
B) Pair her with a long-term employee to train her in her job tasks.
C) Offer her a promotion if she meets specific goals.
D) Recognize her best performance with public praise.
117) ________ is a motivational approach in which an organization’s financial statements are
shared with all employees.
A) Pay-for-performance
B) Self-determination approach
C) Open-book management
D) I-Change model
118) The use of employee recognition programs as motivational tools is consistent with the
________ theory.
A) hierarchy of needs
B) reinforcement
C) three-factor
D) expectancy
119) Research indicates that the desire to be treated with respect is important to almost all
workers, regardless of national culture.
120) More than the other motivational theories, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs has universal
application.
121) Professionals tend to be focused on their work as their central life interest, whereas
nonprofessionals typically have other interests outside of work that can compensate for needs not
met on the job.
122) Research indicates that, for the most part, pay-for-performance programs show positive
results.
123) The economic recession of the last few years saw employees at the receiving end of job
insecurity, layoffs, tight budgets, minimal or no pay raises, benefit cuts, no bonuses, and long
hours doing the work of those who had been laid off. Assuming that you were a manager during
these difficult times, how would you motivate your employees?
124) What is open-book management? How is it effective in motivating appropriate employee
behavior?