19. The supporters of recent research using the civic culture approach would suggest that if
someone wanted to predict the likelihood of Iraq becoming a stable democracy, the most
useful information to know would be:
a. its GDP per capita.
b. what percentage of its citizens hold democratic values supportive of democratic
institutions.
c. what percentage of its citizens have self-expression values.
d. what percentage of its citizens belong to voluntary organizations.
approaches to political culture.
Topic: The Self-Expression Approach
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
20. Ninety-eight percent of taxes owed by citizens in Sweden are paid. This is a
demonstration of:
a. a low level of traditional values.
b. a strong commitment to self-expression values and resulting economic development.
c. the effectiveness of the government to use online social networks to remind citizens
to pay their taxes.
d. a high level of social trust.
democracies do a better job than others of promoting citizens’ capabilities.
Topic: Social Trust
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
21. One explanation that accounts for the increased political importance of ethnicity in
advanced democracies is:
a. increasing religious freedom.
b. the politicization of ethnic and cultural differences and as ethnic groups demand
recognition.
c. government policies that allow ethnic groups to establish their own political systems
to govern their communities.
e. the establishment of democratic principles among ethnic groups.
approaches to explain how identity can lead to violent conflict.
Topic: Contentious Identity Politics
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
97
22. Which of the following is a component of nationalism?
a. It is a natural process that evolves from local communities.
b. Members of a nation retain colonial rules to emphasize their shared connection to the
past.
c. It results when the lower classes self-mobilize to revolt against the political elite.
d. Members of a nation determine their own destiny.
identity politics.
Topic: Nationalism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
23. In the 1800s, French political elites set out to establish a French nation by:
a. gaining the support of local communities to legitimize their political authority
through elections.
b. mobilizing people to go to war against Germany to fight and die for their country.
c. creating a shared identity among its people through a common language and creation
of national symbols.
d. fostering economic development through the building of roads and railways.
identity politics.
Topic: Nationalism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
24. Ethnicity and religious identity differ from national identity because:
a. those with common ethnic and religious identities usually do not desire their own
state.
b. they are not inherently political.
c. they are “imagined communities.”
d. they do not think of themselves as being a community of equals.
identity politics.
Topic: Politics of Identity
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
98
25. When political scientist Benedict Anderson defines a nation as an “imagined political
community,” he means that:
a. all members of a nation are in the same social class.
b. the members of a nation share a common identity, and think of themselves as equals.
c. the members of a nation know most of their fellow members.
d. the members of a nation allow political elites to elect the leader.
identity politics.
Topic: Nationalism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
26. Humans “naturally distrust and see as threats those who are different and have the
capability to harm them.” This speaker is:
a. an instrumentalist.
b. a constructivist.
c. a primordialist.
d. a nationalist.
approaches to explain how identity can lead to violent conflict.
Topic: Primordialism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
27. A weakness in the primordialist explanation of violence is:
a. using the concept of a master cleavage between two groups in every society.
b. the difficulty of explaining why identity groups can live alongside each other for
decades without violence.
c. placing too much emphasis on the importance of instigators of violence.
d. insufficient attention to the historical background of violent conflict.
approaches to explain how identity can lead to violent conflict.
Topic: Primordialism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
99
28. “Hindu activists destroyed the mosque for political gains.” This speaker is:
a. a primordialist.
b. an instrumentalist.
c. a constructivist.
d. a nationalist.
approaches to explain how identity can lead to violent conflict.
Topic: Instrumentalism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
29. A weakness of the instrumentalist explanation of violence is:
a. using the concept of a master cleavage between two main groups in societies.
b. overstating the degree to which political leaders can manipulate identities.
c. assuming that conflict among different ethnic groups is natural and inevitable.
d. assuming that people need enemies to define who they are.
approaches to explain how identity can lead to violent conflict.
Topic: Instrumentalism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
30. A constructivist would argue that many Southern whites’ perceptions of black Americans
in the 1940s were:
a. based on inherent differences between the two groups.
b. the outcome of humans’ inherent tendency to make sharp distinctions between people
based on skin color.
c. the result of wealthy white owners of land and businesses setting white workers
against black workers in order to weaken their ability to act collectively for higher
wages.
d. the result of identities that were created, not inherent or fixed.
approaches to explain how identity can lead to violent conflict.
Topic: Constructivism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
100
31. A weakness of the constructivist explanation of group conflict is:
a. not recognizing that identity-based conflict is natural to humans.
b. not explaining that conflicts such as those between Hindus and Muslims have been
going on since time immemorial.
c. paying too little attention to how instigators of violence manipulate ethnic identities.
d. the difficulty of explaining why ethnic and religious conflict occurs at specific times
in specific locations.
approaches to explain how identity can lead to violent conflict.
Topic: Constructivism
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
32. How would an instrumentalist interpret President Barack Obama’s plan in the fall of 2014
to reform immigration policy?
a. an attempt to gain political support
b. a result of the natural progression of democratic institutions
c. an example of building nationalism
d. a demonstration of a social network
approaches to explain how identity can lead to violent conflict.
Topic: Instrumentalism
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
101
33. The following scatter diagram shows that:
a. there is a strong relationship between level of trust and level of democracy.
b. countries with less than 30 percent of the people saying others can be trusted receive
the highest democracy scores.
c. most countries with less than 40 percent of the people saying others can be trusted
have very low democracy scores.
d. a country in which more than 50 percent of the people say others can be trusted has
the lowest democracy score.
independent and dependent variables in a scatter diagram, and summarize the findings.
Topic: Democracy
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
102
34. The following scatter diagram, where zero represents a country with no ethnic diversity
and 1.0 represents extreme ethnic diversity, shows that:
a. as ethnic diversity increases, infant mortality tends to decrease.
b. as ethnic diversity increases, infant mortality tends to stabilize.
c. there are variables in addition to ethnic diversity affecting infant mortality rates.
d. a country with very little ethnic diversity can have an infant mortality rate over 100.
independent and dependent variables in a scatter diagram, and summarize the findings.
Topic: Physical Well-being
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
35. The previous question scatter diagram showing the relationship between ethnic diversity
and infant mortality has four outliers. Three of them are Angola and Sierra Leone in sub-
Saharan Africa and Afghanistan in Asia. Which of the following variables is MOST likely
to help explain why they have such high infant mortality?
a. poverty
b. presence of peacekeeping forces
c. number of people per square miles
d. population size
independent and dependent variables in a scatter diagram, and summarize the findings.
Topic: Physical Well-being
Difficulty Level: Difficult
103
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
104