Answer: Bush Doctrine
Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q18.1.85
Topic: Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense
Learning Objective: LO 18.1: Analyze the questions and responses that shape
approaches to U.S. foreign policy and defense.
Page Reference: 533
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
86. Given the size of its economy and increased globalization, U.S. foreign policy
toward __________ is motivated primarily by trade policy.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Agenda
Learning Objective: LO 18.2: Assess the status of each of the issues that
currently dominate the foreign policy and defense agenda.
Page Reference: 537
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
87. The __________ is the select group of civil servants who serve at embassies,
conduct foreign policy on behalf of the Department of State, gather intelligence,
protect U.S. interests, and cultivate good relations with other countries.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy
Learning Objective: LO 18.3: Outline the structure of the foreign policy and
defense bureaucracy.
Page Reference: 540 – 541
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Easy
88. The use of __________ was instrumental in getting South Africa to end apartheid.
Topic: Foreign Policy and Defense Options
Learning Objective: LO 18.4: Evaluate the options for achieving foreign policy
and defense goals.
Page Reference: 548
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
654
89. A U.S. employee who is highly trained, who is expected to take a job anywhere in
the world and perhaps in dangerous territory on short notice, and whose job
involves gathering political, economic, and intelligence data for U.S. policy
makers and cultivating friendly relations with host governments probably works
for the __________.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy
Learning Objective: LO 18.3: Outline the structure of the foreign policy and
defense bureaucracy.
Page Reference: 540 – 541
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
90. The Senate can influence foreign policy by approving (or refusing to approve)
__________ negotiated by the president.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy
Learning Objective: LO 18.3: Outline the structure of the foreign policy and
defense bureaucracy.
Page Reference: 539
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Short Answer Questions
91. The United States used military conscription throughout most of its history to
raise and support its armed services. When did it begin, and under what authority
did Congress enact it? Why was it helpful in carrying out traditional military
action? What does the Department of Defense argue will be needed in the future
because of the changing nature of war?
1. Indicate that the draft was first used during the Civil War and was
enacted based on Congress’s authority under the Constitution to do
whatever is necessary to raise and support armed forces.
2. Explain that the draft was helpful during past wars in procuring a large
number of personnel, which were needed in wars traditionally fought by
massive armies in face-to-face combat.
3. Note how the changes in the nature of war make it likely that future
wars will involve more precise engagements and the use of sophisticated
technologies such as unmanned drones and computer viruses.
4. Identify the Department of Defense’s argument that there will be less
need for infantry soldiers and more need for stealth bomber and fighter
pilots, technology experts, and naval ships that act as offshore bases.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy
Learning Objective: LO 18.3: Outline the structure of the foreign policy and
defense bureaucracy.
Page Reference: 543
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
92. What is the intelligence community? List two of the major players. How well do
they coordinate their work?
1. Describe how the intelligence community seeks to learn about external
threats to the United States.
2. List two of the major players, such as the Central Intelligence Agency,
the director of National Intelligence, the National Security Agency, the
Department of Homeland Security, or the Federal Bureau of Investigation.
3. Explain that these various agencies do not always work well together or
share intelligence with each other.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy
Learning Objective: LO 18.3: Outline the structure of the foreign policy and
defense bureaucracy.
Page Reference: 541 – 542
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
93. What roles do the Department of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff play in
advising the president on military policy? Describe how these advisers provide
the president with different perspectives.
1. Identify the Department of Defense as the executive branch department
responsible for developing and implementing military policy.
2. Identify the Joint Chiefs of Staff as key presidential advisers on military
issues.
3. Explain that the Department of Defense provides a civilian perspective
whereas the Joint Chiefs of Staff provides the military officers’
perspectives.
4. Outline how the Joint Chiefs of Staff provide perspective from the
various service branches.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy
Learning Objective: LO 18.3: Outline the structure of the foreign policy and
defense bureaucracy.
Page Reference: 542 – 543
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
94. What is the policy of preemption? How did President Bush incorporate the policy
of preemption in the Bush Doctrine? How was this policy used in the Bush
administration’s decision to invade Iraq?
1. Describe the policy of preemption as the policy of taking action and
attacking, rather than waiting for provocation, when the United States
believes another nation constitutes a serious threat.
2. Discuss how the Bush Doctrine incorporated this policy in proclaiming
that the United States reserves the right to attack any nation that harbors
terrorists or constitutes a serious threat to the United States, the right to act
unilaterally without the support of U.S. allies, and the right to use massive
force against its enemies, including nuclear weapons if needed.
3. Reveal how the belief that Iraq had weapons of mass destruction led
President Bush to attack Iraq preemptively, as he considered waiting for
provocation from a country with such weapons to be too dangerous.
Topic: Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense
Learning Objective: LO 18.1: Analyze the questions and responses that shape
approaches to U.S. foreign policy and defense.
Page Reference: 533
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
95. What is the difference between hard power and soft power in U.S. foreign policy?
How did hard power figure prominently during the Cold War? How has the
uncertainty of the modern world made the use of hard power less effective?
Describe how a foreign policy approach can combine both hard and soft power to
be most effective.
1. Explain that hard power involves using military strength to force
another nation to act a certain way under the threat of attack, while soft
power involves using negotiation and diplomacy to solve international
problems.
2. Identify that hard power was the basis of the theory of deterrence, under
which the United States maintained enough nuclear weapons to deter the
Soviet Union from attacking it.
3. Discuss how hard power and military might are no longer enough to
ensure success in dealing with international problems such as free trade,
global climate change, and terrorism, the solutions to which demand
understanding and cooperation between countries.
4. Outline how the most effective approach involves a combination of
conventional diplomacy to send clear messages to nations, foreign aid to
help nations in need, economic sanctions to isolate adversaries, public
diplomacy to help other nations understand the U.S. agenda, coalition
building to gain support from other countries, and military action when
necessary.
Topic: Foreign Policy and Defense Options
Learning Objective: LO 18.4: Evaluate the options for achieving foreign policy
and defense goals.
Page Reference: 534
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
96. What is foreign aid? What misconceptions do Americans have about how much is
spent on foreign aid and where the money is spent? What issues have critics
raised about foreign aid? How does the United States use foreign aid to advance
its own interests?
1. Define foreign aid as a form of soft power that involves providing
assistance to other nations either directly or through the United Nations.
2. Discuss how the American public thinks the United States spends more
on foreign aid than it actually does, and how many Americans do not
realize that most foreign aid is actually spent in the United States to pay
for the purchase of services and products that are being sent to other
nations, thereby providing a subsidy for U.S. companies and employees.
3. Identify the criticisms that the United States does not do enough to help
the world’s poorest nations, especially those hit by war or natural
disasters; that U.S. foreign aid has subsidized corrupt dictators; and that
foreign aid money has been stolen or misspent.
4. Detail that most foreign aid goes to a few countries deemed to be of
strategic importance to U.S. economic interests and national security and
658
that foreign aid helps to advance U.S. interests by maintaining leverage
with those key countries.
Topic: Foreign Policy and Defense Options
Learning Objective: LO 18.4: Evaluate the options for achieving foreign policy
and defense goals.
Page Reference: 546 – 548
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
97. Outline a possible diplomatic solution to a foreign policy crisis involving North
Korea’s nuclear program. How difficult would it be for the United States and
North Korea to reach such a solution?
1. Note that diplomacy would entail negotiating with North Korea to
achieve an outcome that is acceptable to both the United States and North
Korea without using the military.
2. Outline a potential diplomatic solution, such as an agreement that North
Korea can continue to use nuclear materials for producing electricity, but
not for producing weapons.
3. Conclude that reaching a diplomatic solution to North Korea’s nuclear
program is unlikely to occur.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Agenda; Foreign Policy and Defense
Options
Learning Objective: LO 18.2: Assess the status of each of the issues that
currently dominate the foreign policy and defense agenda.
Page Reference: 535
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
98. What are three ways in which Congress can exercise influence over the
president’s foreign policy?
1. Explain that Congress controls appropriations and can therefore grant or
withhold funding depending on whether Congress approves or disapproves
of the president’s foreign policy.
2. Indicate that Congress has the power to declare war and to make rules
that govern the armed forces.
3. Discuss how the Senate confirms U.S. ambassadorial appointments.
4. Note how treaties negotiated by the president do not go into effect
unless ratified by the Senate.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy
Learning Objective: LO 18.3: Outline the structure of the foreign policy and
defense bureaucracy.
Page Reference: 539
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
99. What is the National Security Council? Describe its members and its primary
function. When is the president most likely to convene a meeting of the National
Security Council?
1. Describe the NSC as a group of high-ranking advisers to the president,
including by law the vice president, the secretary of defense, and the
secretary of state, and also sometimes including military and intelligence
advisers at the request of the president.
2. Identify the primary function of the NSC as coordinating and
integrating foreign, military, and economic policies that affect national
security.
3. Note that the president is most likely to convene a meeting of the NSC
when the president wants foreign policy advice on a particular issue or
when a crisis is unfolding.
Topic: The Foreign Policy and Defense Bureaucracy
Learning Objective: LO 18.3: Outline the structure of the foreign policy and
defense bureaucracy.
Page Reference: 540
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
100. What contributions can citizens of the United States make to help the country
achieve its foreign policy goals? Identify at least two goals and describe how
citizens can help achieve them. How can citizens make their voices heard in
government to influence the priorities given to foreign policy goals and help
shape the U.S. foreign policy and defense agenda?
1. Identify at least two goals and contributions, such as foreign aid to
which citizens can contribute through giving money or volunteering time,
national security to which citizens can contribute by serving in the armed
forces, and efforts to improve the nation’s reputation to which citizens can
contribute by addressing problems at home.
2. Note that citizens can influence priorities given to goals by putting
pressure on the federal government and holding elected leaders
accountable, perhaps through writing letters to congressional
representatives, working with groups that advocate for particular issues or
populations, and voting.
3. Discuss how citizens can help shape the foreign policy and defense
agenda through active engagement in the political process, such as
working with a political party and volunteering time during elections to
get out the vote.
Topic: Foreign Policy and Defense Options
Learning Objective: LO 18.4: Evaluate the options for achieving foreign policy
and defense goals.
Page Reference: 550
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Moderate
101. To what extent has recent U.S. foreign policy been isolationist? Illustrate your
answer with two recent foreign policy examples.
1. Define isolationism as the belief that the United States should stay out
of the affairs of other countries.
2. Argue that recent U.S. foreign policies have not been isolationist.
3. Provide two examples of nonisolationist foreign policies, such as the
heavy U.S. involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Topic: Understanding Foreign Policy and Defense
Learning Objective: LO 18.1: Analyze the questions and responses that shape
approaches to U.S. foreign policy and defense.
Page Reference: 532
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
102. What interest does the United States have in securing peace in the Middle East?
How has soft power been used in the U.S. foreign policy approach to the Middle
East? Provide an example. What issue in Iran has complicated the situation in
recent years? What soft power approaches have been used with Iran, and how
successful have they been?
1. Note that the United States has had a long history of working to secure
peace in the Middle East, particularly between Israel and its neighbors,