d. disabled Americans
Answer: c
Test Bank Item Title: TB_Q15.3.26
Topic: Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?
Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Analyze the Supreme Court’s three-tiered
approach used to evaluate discriminatory laws.
Page Reference: 459
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
27. In the South after Reconstruction, what did the Democratic Party use to prevent
African Americans from having a meaningful impact on the outcome of elections?
a. Jim Crow laws
b. whites-only primaries
c. majority-minority districts
d. de facto segregation
Topic: Voting Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Trace the evolution of voting rights and analyze
the protections provided by the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
Page Reference: 461
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
28. In striking down the Defense of Marriage Act, the Supreme Court ruled that
__________.
a. the federal government is responsible for defining marriage
b. states are responsible for defining marriage
c. marriage is defined as a union between one man and one woman
d. same-sex marriage is a fundamental right
Topic: Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?
Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Analyze the Supreme Court’s three-tiered
approach used to evaluate discriminatory laws.
Page Reference: 459
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
29. What is the source of de facto segregation and discrimination?
513
a. practice
b. law
c. the Constitution
d. affirmative action
Topic: Education Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Evaluate the historical process of school
integration and the current state of affirmative action.
Page Reference: 467
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
30. Which of the following is an accurate statement about naturalization?
a. It refers to the state of being a citizen of two countries.
b. It prevented gays and lesbians from serving in the military.
c. It is a legal act that confers citizenship on a resident alien.
d. It refers to the natural rights of people provided for by the Constitution.
Topic: Equality and Equal Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Explain the concept of equality and assess the
rights of citizens.
Page Reference: 447
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
31. Which of the following would be considered a fundamental right, as defined by
the Supreme Court?
a. the right to vote
b. the right to an education
c. the right to housing
d. the right to welfare benefits
Topic: Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?
Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Analyze the Supreme Court’s three-tiered
approach used to evaluate discriminatory laws.
Page Reference: 461
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
514
Difficulty Level: Moderate
32. The Supreme Court case of Boumediene v. Bush dealt with which of the
following?
a. detention of citizens without counsel or access to a court of law
b. affirmative action plans at Michigan universities
c. the Ten Percent Plan used to increase diversity in university enrollment
d. sexual orientation as a protected category in antidiscrimination laws
Topic: Equality and Equal Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Explain the concept of equality and assess the
rights of citizens.
Page Reference: 448
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
33. In 1960, the Supreme Court made what ruling with respect to racial
gerrymandering?
a. The Court ruled that it was in violation of the Fifteenth Amendment.
b. The Court ruled that it was in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment.
c. The Court ruled that it was permitted under the Fourteenth Amendment.
d. The Court ruled that it was permitted under the Fifth Amendment.
Topic: Voting Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Trace the evolution of voting rights and analyze
the protections provided by the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
Page Reference: 462
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
34. Proponents of same-sex marriage argue that laws barring same-sex marriage
violate the __________ Amendment of the Constitution.
a. Fifth
b. Fourteenth
c. Ninth
d. First
515
Topic: Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?
Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Analyze the Supreme Court’s three-tiered
approach used to evaluate discriminatory laws.
Page Reference: 460
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
35. What provision of the Constitution did Congress use to justify laws prohibiting
discrimination in public accommodations, such as hotels and restaurants?
a. the First Amendment
b. the full faith and credit clause
c. the commerce clause
d. the supremacy clause
Topic: Rights to Equal Access: Accommodations, Jobs, and Homes
Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Describe congressional legislation against
discrimination in housing, employment, and accommodations.
Page Reference: 464
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
36. According to the text, in what area has progress on civil rights been the slowest?
a. marriage
b. education
c. employment
d. housing
Topic: Rights to Equal Access: Accommodations, Jobs, and Homes
Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Describe congressional legislation against
discrimination in housing, employment, and accommodations.
Page Reference: 465
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
37. When a law is subject to the __________ test, the burden of proof is on
government to justify the classification based on a “compelling government
interest.”
a. heightened scrutiny
b. strict scrutiny
516
c. rational basis
d. suspect classification
Topic: Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?
Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Analyze the Supreme Court’s three-tiered
approach used to evaluate discriminatory laws.
Page Reference: 457
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
38. Which of the following accommodations would an employer most likely have to
make to be in compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act?
a. hiring a disabled person instead of a better qualified person without a disability
b. providing better medical insurance for employees who have a disability
c. lowering expectations for the quality of work performed by employees with
disabilities
d. installing a ramp and other physical accommodations for someone who uses a
wheelchair
Topic: Rights to Equal Access: Accommodations, Jobs, and Homes
Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Describe congressional legislation against
discrimination in housing, employment, and accommodations.
Page Reference: 464
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
39. Which of the following statements best describes the global community’s attitude
toward the importance of education for boys and girls based on the Pew Global
Attitudes Survey in 2007?
a. There is widespread support for educating both boys and girls in all countries
except those in which education for girls is lacking, where only 14 percent of the
respondents viewed education as being important for girls.
b. Most countries support educating both boys and girls, but some Muslim
countries are adamantly against education for girls and do not see it as important
at all.
c. About half the countries in the world see educating boys and girls as being
equally important, and about half believe it is far more important to educate boys.
d. There is widespread support for educating both boys and girls in all countries,
even in those where education for girls is lacking, although 14 percent of
respondents viewed education for boys as more important.
517
Topic: The Quest for Equal Justice
Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Compare and contrast the efforts of various
groups to obtain equal protection of the law.
Page Reference: 453
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
40. Which of the following would be the least likely to qualify for a strict scrutiny or
even a heightened scrutiny test by the Supreme Court to determine whether the
policy is an unconstitutional violation of the equal protection clause?
a. preventing whites from attending schools designed to serve African American
students
b. voter redistricting plans based on the ethnic makeup of various neighborhoods
c. a national hotel chain’s policy of requiring proof of citizenship when registering
d. having different minimum ages for men and women to marry
Topic: Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?
Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Analyze the Supreme Court’s three-tiered
approach used to evaluate discriminatory laws.
Page Reference: 457 – 458
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
41. Tests given to African Americans with questions that are far more difficult than
those asked on comparable tests given to whites have been used to discriminate
against African Americans in what area?
a. employment
b. serving on juries
c. admission to college
d. voting
Topic: Voting Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.4: Trace the evolution of voting rights and analyze
the protections provided by the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
Page Reference: 461
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
518
42. Which of the following strategies for expanding civil rights would the Reverend
Martin Luther King Jr. have been most likely to support?
a. sabotaging the electricity supply to the homes of segregationist leaders
b. intimidating elderly whites to discourage them from supporting Jim Crow laws
c. boycotting stores that enforced segregationist policies
d. boycotting elections to underscore the problem of African American
disenfranchisement
Topic: The Quest for Equal Justice
Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Compare and contrast the efforts of various
groups to obtain equal protection of the law.
Page Reference: 451
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
43. Which of the following is an example of de jure segregation?
a. Jim Crow laws
b. the tendency for churches to be racially homogeneous
c. the small number of African American senators
d. sequestering the jury to ensure a fair trial
Topic: Education Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Evaluate the historical process of school
integration and the current state of affirmative action.
Page Reference: 467
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Difficulty Level: Moderate
44. Which of the following affirmative action programs would be a clear violation of
the Supreme Court’s decision in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
(1978)?
a. considering race as a factor in university admissions decisions
b. considering how an applicant would contribute to the diversity of the university
c. considering applicants’ academic and extracurricular achievements
d. setting aside a certain percentage of admissions slots for African American
students
Topic: Education Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Evaluate the historical process of school
integration and the current state of affirmative action.
Page Reference: 468
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
45. Why did the Supreme Court rule against the 2011 class action suit alleging sex
discrimination against Wal-Mart?
a. The Court ruled that the plaintiffs had not established that their cases were
similar enough to proceed as a class.
b. The Court did not find sufficient evidence of sex discrimination.
c. The Court found that the classification based on sex passed the heightened
scrutiny test.
d. The Court found that the classification based on sex passed the rational basis
test.
Topic: Rights to Equal Access: Accommodations, Jobs, and Homes
Learning Objective: LO 15.5: Describe congressional legislation against
discrimination in housing, employment, and accommodations.
Page Reference: 465
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
46. Which of the following situations would most likely be a violation of Title IX?
a. an election jurisdiction that does not provide bilingual ballots when there is a
large bilingual community
b. a college that spends significantly more on sports programs for men than for
women
c. job applications that are not made accessible to the blind
d. an employer who systematically pays women less than men for doing
comparable work
Topic: Equal Protection of the Laws: What Does It Mean?
Learning Objective: LO 15.3: Analyze the Supreme Court’s three-tiered
approach used to evaluate discriminatory laws.
Page Reference: 458
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
520
47. If you thought you were getting an inferior public education because of your
ethnicity, which part of the Constitution would you rely on most heavily to justify
your case?
a. the First Amendment
b. the Fourteenth Amendment
c. the Nineteenth Amendment
d. the Equal Rights Amendment
Topic: Education Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.6: Evaluate the historical process of school
integration and the current state of affirmative action.
Page Reference: 466 – 467
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
48. Under the Fourteenth Amendment, who of the following would automatically be a
U.S. citizen?
a. a Finnish immigrant who is studying English in Ohio
b. someone born in Hong Kong who has moved to Detroit
c. someone born in California to Japanese parents
d. the children born in the United States to foreign ambassadors
Topic: Equality and Equal Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Explain the concept of equality and assess the
rights of citizens.
Page Reference: 447
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Difficulty Level: Difficult
49. Why have some politicians and civil rights leaders begun to focus attention on the
concept of equality between groups rather than equality of individual opportunity?
a. because there are large disparities in wealth and advantage between groups that
lead to social and economic disadvantages for most of the individuals within
certain groups
b. because there is far more power in group protest against discrimination and
inequality than in individual actions
521
c. because the courts are more willing to review accusations of discrimination
when they are submitted by large groups of people than when they come from a
single person
d. because there are large disparities in political access between groups, and so
people from those groups with access need to reach across the aisle and help
people from the others
Topic: Equality and Equal Rights
Learning Objective: LO 15.1: Explain the concept of equality and assess the
rights of citizens.
Page Reference: 447
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
50. How has the Equal Rights Amendment affected women’s civil rights?
a. It has ensured that men and women are treated equally in the workplace.
b. It has ensured that the courts evaluate gender discrimination using the strict
scrutiny test.
c. It solidified the civil rights women had earlier won through legal victories.
d. It has had little effect because it was not formally adopted.
Topic: The Quest for Equal Justice
Learning Objective: LO 15.2: Compare and contrast the efforts of various
groups to obtain equal protection of the law.
Page Reference: 452
Skill Level: Analyze It
Difficulty Level: Difficult
51. What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme
Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratz v.
Bollinger (2003) and Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)?
a. Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve
race-based quotas or numerical point systems.
b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the
university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
c. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be constitutional unless an applicant
can demonstrate that race affected the admissions decision.
d. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor