Sociology Chapter 6 Gender Identity Gender Identity How One Perceives

Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Lecture Notes

Chapter 6: Adolescence

Learning Objectives

6.1: Compare one’s own emotional and cognitive reactions to three case studies.

6.2: Analyze how the status of adolescence has varied across time and place.

6.3: Describe some of the transitions made in adolescence.

Chapter Summary

As you read this chapter, take note of these central ideas:

1. Adolescence is characterized by significant physical change, increased hormone

2. During adolescence, increased hormone production results in a period called puberty,

3. Unseen growth and pruning occurs in the adolescent brain.

4. Psychological changes during this period include reactions to physical, social, and cultural

5. The greatest task of adolescence is identity formation—determining who one is and where

one is going.

6. Adolescents in the United States spend nearly a third of their waking hours at school,

where they should receive skills and knowledge for their next step in life, but a school that

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7. Among the physical and mental health risks to today’s adolescents are substance abuse,

Annotated Chapter Outline

I. Introduction

A. Case Studies 6.1, 6.2, and 6.3

i. 6.1 David’s Coming-Out Process

II. The Social Construction of Adolescence Across Time and Space

i. Adolescence status has changed across time and cultures

ii. Developmental versus “problem” phase

III. The Transition from Childhood to Adulthood

i. Reconfiguration spiritually, biologically, socially, and psychologically

IV. Biological Aspects of Adolescence

A. Puberty

i. Puberty: the period of the life course in which the reproductive system

matures

ii. Exhibit 6.1 Typical Adolescent Development

iii. Gonads: ovaries and testes

vii. Menarche: the onset of menstruation

viii. Spermarche: the onset of the ability to ejaculate mobile sperm

ix. Adolescents often notice other signs of bodily change prior to

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xi. Growth spurts

B. The Adolescent Brain

i. Gray matter overproduction and pruning in adolescence

C. Nutrition, Exercise, and Sleep

i. Importance of a healthy balance

V. Psychological Aspects of Adolescence

A. Psychological Reactions to Biological Changes

i. Self-reflection and evaluation

B. Changes in Cognition

i. Three main phases of cognitive development during adolescence:

improved reasoning skills, abstract thinking, and metacognition

C. Identity Development

i. Identity: a person’s self-definition as a separate and distinct individual,

including behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes

iii. Theories of self and identity

a. Exhibit 6.2 Theories of Self or Identity in Adolescence

b. Four identity statuses (Marcia): identity diffusion, foreclosure,

moratorium, and identity achievement

c. Postconventional moral reasoning: morality based on moral

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g. Four ways of developing identity preferences: future

iv. Gender Identity

a. Gender identity: how one perceives one’s gender (begins

during early childhood and is revised in adolescence)

v. Cultural Identity

a. Exploring ethnic identity

b. Ethnic minority adolescents

c. Biculturalism as a coping mechanism

VI. Social Aspects of Adolescence

A. Relationships With Family

i. Individualization: the development of a self or identity that is unique

and separate

B. Relationships With Peers

i. Peer influence

C. Romantic Relationships

i. Research status: heterosexual and homosexual relationships

ii. Relationship duration, flirtation, and breakups

D. Relationships With Organizations, Communities, and Institutions

i. School

a. Major cite for development

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ii. The Broader Community

a. Social involvement

b. Volunteer and service work

c. Mentorship

iii. Work

a. Experience, skills, and knowledge

d. Psychosocial impact

iv. Technology

a. Research on computer and smartphone use/access

VII. Adolescent Spirituality/Religiosity

i. Spirituality

ii. Religiosity

VIII. Adolescent Sexuality

A. Sexual Decision Making

i. Biological and environmental factors

B. Sexual Orientation

i. Sexual orientation: refers to the erotic, romantic, and affectionate

attraction to people of the same sex (gay or lesbian), the opposite sex

C. Pregnancy and Childbearing

i. Teen pregnancy rates and birth rates

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D. Sexually Transmitted Infections

i. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): STDs, infections contracted

through sexual contact or intercourse

IX. Potential Challenges to Adolescent Development

A. Substance Use and Abuse

i. Phase of experimentation

B. Juvenile Delinquency

i. Norms of misbehavior during adolescence

ii. Status offenses: behaviors not considered crimes when engaged in by

C. Bullying

i. Verbal bullying, social/relational bullying, and physical bullying

D. School-to-Prison Pipeline

i. Eight factors in school-to-prison pipeline:

a. “Zero–tolerance” policies

b. High-stakes testing

c. Exclusionary discipline

Race/Ethnicity, 2011–2012

iii. Exclusionary disciplinary action can dramatically increase a student’s

risk of becoming incarcerated

E. Community Violence

i. Community violence data

ii. Mental health outcomes associated with witnessing or experiencing

violence

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iii. Homicide

F. Dating Violence and Statutory Rape

i. Acquaintance rape: forced, manipulated, or coerced sexual contact by

someone known to the victim

G. Poverty and Low Educational Attainment

i. Consequences on the life course

H. Obesity and Eating Disorders

i. Effects of poor nutrition on adolescents

ii. Worldwide obesity trends

iii. Exhibit 6.7 Feeding and Eating Disorders That Often Begin in

Adolescence

a. Anorexia nervosa: characterized by a distorted body image

and excessive dieting that result in severe weight loss, and a

control

I. Depression and Suicide

i. Unipolar depression

ii. Signs and diagnosis patterns of adolescent depression

X. Social Work Grand Challenge: Ensure Healthy Development for All Youth

i. Six recommendations for behavior and mental health problem

Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e

SAGE Publishing, 2019