Sociology Chapter 2 Infertility Treatment Infertility The Inability Create Viable

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Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Lecture Notes

Chapter 2: Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

Learning Objectives

2.1: Compare one’s own emotional and cognitive reactions to three case studies.

2.2: Summarize some themes in the sociocultural context of conception, pregnancy, and

childbirth.

2.3: Recognize important mechanisms of reproductive genetics.

2.4: Analyze the ways that humans try to get control over conception and pregnancy.

Chapter Summary

As you read this chapter, take note of these central ideas:

1. Conception, pregnancy, and childbirth should be viewed as normative life transitions that

require family or family-like supportive relationships to maximize favorable outcomes.

4. Women and men around the world attempt to gain control over conception and pregnancy;

contraception and abortion have been means to gain control across time and place, and

effective solutions for infertility are more recent.

Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

Annotated Chapter Outline

I. Introduction

A. Case Studies 2.1, 2.2, and 2.3

i. 2.1 Jennifer Bradshaw’s Experience With Infertility

II. Sociocultural Organization of Childbearing

i. The social meaning of childbearing in the United States is dynamic and

variable

A. Conception and Pregnancy in Context

ii. Organized religion has an influence on how people perceive sexual

behaviors and conception

C. Place of Childbirth

v. Place of birth changed drastically across the globe between the early

and mid-1900s (hospital birth, induced labor practices, and cesarean

III. Reproductive Genetics

A. Genetic Mechanisms

i. Chromosomes: a set of genetic instructions

ii. Genes: segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that contain the

Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

v. Genotype: unique array of genes

vi. Phenotype: an observable trait

vii. Sex-linked chromosomes: the last pair of chromosomes, which

determines sex (Ovum: X, Sperm: X or Y)

varying degrees

B. Genetic Counseling

i. Using the genetic code to detect, prevent, ameliorate, and/or cure

diseases and disorders

IV. Control Over Contraception and Pregnancy

i. Not all methods of contraception are equal in acceptability or

magnitude

B. Induced Abortion

iv. Politicized and widely debated

v. Funding largely handled on the state level

C. Infertility Treatment

x. Infertility: the inability to create a viable embryo after 1 year of

intercourse without contraception

xi. Exhibit 2.3 Possible Causes of Male and Female Infertility

which both eggs and embryos are handled

Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

xiv. Art options: IVF, ICSI, egg donors and gestational carriers, IUI, IVC,

uterine transplantation, adoption

xv. Reproduction assistance technologies raise ethical and legal issues

V. Fetal Development

i. Gestation: 40-day phase during which the fertilized ovum becomes a

fully developed infant

A. First Trimester (first 12 weeks)

iv. Fertilization and the embryotic period

a. Zygote: the fertilized egg

b. Embryo: a matured zygote implanted in the uterine wall

v. The Fetal Period

a. Fetus: unborn baby

b. Multigravida: woman who has had a previous pregnancy

c. Morning sickness and its effects on physical and mental health

in early pregnancy

aftereffects of a lost pregnancy

B. Second Trimester

vi. Quickening (experience of fetal movement) and fetal differentiation

(mother separates the individuality of the fetus from her own

personhood) occur during this time

Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

C. Third Trimester

a. Critical stage for maintaining the mother and fetus’s health

viii. Labor and Delivery of the Neonate

VI. Pregnancy and the Life Course

i. Pregnancy readiness is circumstantial and depends on both the woman

VII. At-Risk Newborns

i. Preterm births

A. Prematurity and Low Birth Weight

ii. Late preterm births: births precipitated by induced labor, an elective

cesarean, or maternal medical complications (including incorrect

gestational estimation)

vi. Very-low-birth-weight (VLBW): infants weighing less than 1,500 g

vii. Contributors may include maternal smoking, low prepregnancy weight,

infection, increased maternal weight gain during pregnancy, and

domestic violence

B. Newborn Intensive Care

xi. Innovations and growth in the area of neonatal care are improving

survival rates for premature infants

Hutchison, Dimensions of Human Behavior, 6e

SAGE Publishing, 2019

xv. Congenital anomalies: inheritance of a single abnormal gene,

multifactorial inheritance, chromosomal aberration, and exposure to

teratogens

xvi. Exhibit 2.6

VIII. Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth Under Different Circumstances

A. Substance-Abusing Pregnant Women

i. Exhibit 2.8

B. Pregnant Women With Eating Disorders

D. Incarcerated Pregnant Women

i. Lack of legislation requiring prenatal care for incarcerated pregnant

women

ii. Social work advocating for better pregnancy and infant conditions

E. HIV-Infected Pregnant Women

i. Rates of transmission from mother to infant reduced with the use of

ARV

IX. Risk and Protective Factors in Conception, Pregnancy, and Childbirth

A. Exhibit 2.9

i. Importance placed on the earliest stages in life for life course outcomes

at large

X. Implications for Social Work Practice