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J. The inferior vena cava returns blood from the abdominopelvic viscera and abdominal walls to
the heart (pp. 742–743; Fig. 19.29; Table 19.12).
Systemic Circulation: Veins of the Abdomen
Area
Drained
by Vessel
Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level 1
Main
Vessel
Small intes-
tine, first
half of large
intestine
Superior
mesenteric
vein
Hepatic
portal
vein
Hepatic veins
Inferior
vena cava
K. Most veins of the lower limbs have the same name as the arteries they accompany
(p. 744; Fig. 19.30; Table 19.13).
Systemic Circulation: Veins of the Pelvis and Lower Limbs
Area
Drained
by
Vessel
Level 7 Level 6 Level 5 Level 4 Level 3 Level 2 Level
1 Main
Vessel
Pelvic
cavity
organs and
wall
Internal
iliac veins
Common
iliac veins
XIII. Developmental Aspects of Blood Vessels (p. 745)
A. The vascular endothelium is formed by mesodermal cells that collect throughout the
embryo in blood islands, which give rise to extensions that form rudimentary vascular
tubes.
B. By the fourth week of development, the rudimentary heart and vessels are circulating
blood.
Cross References
Additional information on topics covered in Chapter 19 can be found in the chapters listed below.
1. Chapter 3: Tight junctions; diffusion; osmosis
2. Chapter 4: Simple squamous epithelium; dense connective tissue; elastic connective
tissue
3. Chapter 9: Smooth muscle
4. Chapter 12: Blood brain barrier; medulla; hypothalamus
5. Chapter 13: Sensory receptors
10. Chapter 20: Relationship between blood capillaries and lymphatic capillaries; factors
affecting fluid movement through capillary membranes; factors that aid venous return are
the same as factors that aid lymph return
11. Chapter 23: Splanchnic circulation
12. Chapter 24: Blood flow regulation in the control of body temperature
Lecture Hints
1. Emphasize the smooth transition in wall structure from artery, to arteriole, to capillary, to
venule, to vein.
2. Rather than strictly lecturing about muscular and elastic arteries, capillaries, etc., try
giving basic wall structure and ask the class what the logical functions of these vessels
could be, given their construction.
6. Emphasize the importance of vasomotor tone. Students should be made aware that if the
7. Because hypertension and its risks are of interest to most individuals, use a discussion of
8. Students often have difficulty with the idea that capillaries have more total cross-
9. A discussion of the pulmonary circulation is a good place to recall the relative size of the
10. Emphasize the elastic recoil of the aorta as the driving force of blood flow in the coronary
circulation, resulting in the greatest degree of flow when the ventricles are in diastole.
11. A thorough understanding of fluid movement at the capillary level is crucial for a com-
plete understanding of how other systems function. Refer students to Chapter 3 for a
review on osmosis and emphasize that this topic will be seen again in future systems.
14. Test student knowledge by asking what possible consequences are likely if partial block-
ages occur in different parts of the system. Students should be able to describe reduced
blood flow to the systemic circulation, LV hypertrophy and eventual failure, mitral fail-
Activities/Demonstrations
1. Audiovisual materials are listed in the Multimedia in the Classroom and Lab section of
this Instructor Guide (p. 387).
2. Demonstrate the auscultatory method of determining arterial blood pressure, and provide
3. Use a model of human vasculature and ask students to call out the names of the vessels
indicated.
5. Use a short piece of soaker hose to illustrate a capillary as the functional unit of the
circulatory system.
6. Use a long, not completely blown up balloon to illustrate the effect of altering pressure in
a closed system.
Critical Thinking/Discussion Topics
1. Discuss the need for blood pressure monitoring in regard to hyper- or hypotension.
2. Examine the significance of proper diet in maintaining normal blood flow.
6. Describe the factors that retard venous return.
7. Explain why water and dissolved solutes leave the bloodstream at the arteriole end of the
capillary bed and enter the bloodstream at the venous end.
8. Discuss why the elasticity of the large arteries is so important (or why arteriosclerosis is
such a threat).
Library Research Topics
1. Research the role of diet in the clearance or obstruction of blood vessels.
2. Study the possible congenital defects of circulation resulting from the differences in the
fetal and adult circulation.
List of Figures and Tables
All of the figures in the main text are available in JPEG format, PPT, and labeled & unlabeled
format on the Instructor Resource DVD. All of the figures and tables will also be available in
Transparency Acetate format. For more information, go to www.pearsonhighered.com/educator.
Figure 19.1 Generalized structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Figure 19.2 The relationship of blood vessels to each other and to lymphatic
vessels.
Figure 19.7 The muscular pump.
Figure 19.8 Major factors enhancing cardiac output.
Figure 19.9 Baroreceptor reflexes that help maintain blood pressure
homeostasis.
Figure 19.16 Capillary transport mechanisms.
Figure 19.17 Bulk Flow Across Capillary Walls.
Figure 19.18 Events and signs of hypovolemic shock.
Figure 19.19 Pulmonary circulation.
Table 19.1 Summary of Blood Vessel Anatomy
Table 19.2 Effects of Selected Hormones on Blood Pressure
Table 19.3 Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations (Figures 19.19 and 19.20)
Table 19.4 The Aorta and Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation
(Figure 19.21)
Table 19.5 Arteries of the Head and Neck (Figure 19.22)
Table 19.6 Arteries of the Upper Limbs and Thorax (Figure 19.23)
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions
Multiple-Choice and Matching Question answers appear in Appendix H of the main text.
Short Answer Essay Questions
15. Capillaries are suited to the exchange of material between blood and interstitial fluid be-
cause their walls are very thin, have pores for exchange, and are devoid of muscle and
connective tissue. (p. 696)
16. Elastic arteries are the large, thick-walled arteries close to the heart. They have generous
amounts of elastic tissue in all tunics, but especially in the tunica media. This elastic tis-
sue enables them to withstand large pressure fluctuations by expanding when the heart
contracts, forcing blood into them. They recoil as blood flows forward into the circula-
17. The equation showing the relationship between peripheral resistance, blood flow, and
blood pressure is as follows: Blood Flow = (B.P. 1 – B.P. 2) / Resistance. (p. 702)
18. a. Blood pressure is the force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the
blood contained within it. Systolic pressure is the pressure that occurs during systole
19. The neural controls responsible for controlling blood pressure operate via reflex arcs
chiefly involving the following components: baroreceptors and the associated afferent
fibers, the vasomotor center of the medulla, vasomotor (efferent) fibers, and vascular
smooth muscle. The neural controls are directed primarily at maintaining adequate
systemic blood pressure and altering blood distribution to achieve specific functions.
(pp. 705–707)
20. Changes in the velocity in different regions of the circulation reflect the cross-sectional
area of the vascular tubes to be filled. Because the cross-sectional area is least in the aorta
and greatest in the capillaries, the blood flow is fastest in the aorta and slowest in the cap-
illaries. (p. 712)
21. Nutrient blood flow to the skin is controlled by autoregulation in response to the need for
22. When one is fleeing from a mugger, blood flow is diverted to skeletal muscles from other
body systems not in direct need of large volumes of blood. Blood flow increases in re-
sponse to acetylcholine release by sympathetic vasodilator fibers and/or epinephrine
712–714)
23. Nutrients, wastes, and respiratory gases are transported to and from the blood and tissue
spaces by diffusion. (p. 717)
24. a. The veins draining the digestive viscera contribute to the formation of the hepatic
portal circulation. The most important of these are the superior and inferior mesenteric
25. a. The text states that postcapillary venules function “more like capillaries” (p. 698),
meaning that exchanges of small molecules between the blood and the surrounding
Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions
1. The compensatory mechanisms of Mrs. Johnson induce an increase in heart rate and an
2. If the sympathetic nerves are severed, vasoconstriction in the area will be reduced and
vasodilation will occur. Therefore, blood flow to the area will be enhanced. (p. 705)
3. An aneurysm is a balloonlike outpocketing of a blood vessel that places the vessel at risk
for rupture. In this case, the aneurysm was so large that it was pressing on the brain stem
4. Harry’s condition suggests that this is a case of transient vascular shock. Marching in the
severe heat of the day caused the cutaneous blood vessels to dilate, which resulted in an
5. Blood distribution is adjusted by a short-term neural control mechanism to meet specific
6. (1) Mrs. Taylor’s liver is no longer producing enough plasma proteins to maintain
adequate colloid osmotic pressure in the blood vessels. (p. 717)
(2) The capillary hydrostatic pressure would be increased, causing more fluid to flow out
of the capillaries. (pp. 716–717)
(3) The interstitial fluid osmotic pressure would be increased due to the increase in
Suggested Readings
Aronow, Wilbert S. “Current Role of Beta-Blockers in the Treatment of Hypertension.”
Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 11 (16) (Nov. 2010): 2599–2607.
Carmeliet, Peter. “Creating Unique Blood Vessels.” Nature 412 (6850) (Aug. 2001):
868–869.
Casey, Georgina. “Blood and Hypertension: The Damage of Too Much Pressure.” Nursing
577–578.
Harder, B. “Even High-Normal Blood Pressure is Too High.” Science News 160 (18)
(Nov. 2001): 277.
Jain, Rakesh K. “Taming Vessels to Treat Cancer.” Scientific American 298 (1) (Jan. 2008):
56–63.
Miller, Greg. “Nerves Tell Arteries to Make Like a Tree.” Science 296 (5571) (June 2002):
2121.
Secomb, Timothy W., Mark W. Dewhirst, and Axel R. Pries. “Structural Adaptation of
Normal and Tumour Vascular Networks.” Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology
110 (1) (Jan. 2012): 63–69.
Seydel, Caroline. “Organs Await Blood Vessels’ Go Signal.” Science 293 (5539) (Sept.
2001): 2365.
Stabouli, Stella, Sofia Papakatsika, and Vasilios Kotsis. “The Role of Obesity, Salt and Exer-
cise on Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents.” Expert Review of Cardiovascular
Therapy 9 (6) (June 2011): 753–761.
