Urinary System:
Glomerular Filtration
1. What force drives filtration at the glomerulus? ____________________
4. Blood pressure in the glomerulus is about _____ mmHg.
5. What two pressures oppose filtration and what are their values?
1.
2.
6. What is the normal net filtration pressure? _____ mmHg
9. Two mechanisms that provide autoregulatory control over renal processes include:
1.
2.
11. In periods of extreme stress, the sympathetic nervous system will override autoreg-
ulation. An increase in sympathetic flow to the kidney will result in what two
important effects that will aid maintenance of blood pressure?
Urinary System:
Early Filtrate Processing
1. What are the two reabsorption pathways through the tubular cell barrier?
1.
2.
4. Summarize reabsorption in the proximal tubule.
5. What percent of the filtrate is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule? _________%
8. What is the role of the loop of Henle?
11. If you increase furosemide, what would happen to the following? (↑or ↓)
a. ____ Na
⫹
-K
⫹
-2Cl
⫺
cotransport
Urinary System:
Late Filtrate Processing
1. Name the two types of cells in the cortical collecting ducts and describe their
function.
1.
2.
4. In dehydration and overhydration, what would be the levels of:
a. ADH? ______ dehydration ______ overhydration (↑or ↓)
b. Aldosterone? ______ dehydration ______ overhydration (↑or ↓)
6. a. By the medullary collecting duct, only _____% of the filtrate remains.
b. Under the following conditions, report the levels of ADH and subsequent
urine osmolarity and flow rate:
7. a. Urine with a “high normal osmolarity” and containing RBCs and protein
would indicate: _______________
8. An increase in plasma potassium levels would lead to what changes in the follow-
ing? (↑or ↓)
a. _____ aldosterone levels
Hydration ADH Urine Osmolarity Urine Volume
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance:
Introduction to Body Fluids
1. a. Where are fluids absorbed? ____________________
b. Where are excess fluids and electrolytes lost? ____________________
3. a. The amount of water in the body depends on the amount of ________________.
b. From the CD, list the person with the highest and the lowest percentage of water
and give the percentage.
5. Give an example of each of the following solutes:
a. Ions/electrolytes ___________________
b. Colloids ___________________
7. Within a fluid compartment, the total number of ____________________
must be equal to the total number of _________________________.
4.
9. Osmosis: When more solute particles are added to one side of a container with a
semipermeable membrane, which way will the water move?
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance:
Water Homeostasis
1. Below are listed the four examples of disturbances in water homeostasis. Indicate if
there is an increase (↑), decrease (↓), or no change (↔) in volume and osmolarity.
Give an example of each.
2. What are the four primary mechanisms that regulate fluid homeostasis?
1.
2.
3.
4.
3. Answer the following questions on antidiuretic hormone (ADH):
4. List three ways dehydration leads to increased thirst:
1.
2.
3.
Disturbance Volume Osmolarity Example
Hypervolemia
5. Answer the following questions on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
a. What enzyme is released from the kidney in response to decreased blood
pressure? _______________________
e. As a result, what happens to blood volume and blood pressure? _______
6. a. A decrease in blood volume and blood pressure will lead to a/an ______________
in the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
b. This will result in a decrease (↓), an increase (↑), or no change (↔) in
the following:
7. a. Diabetes insipidus is due to ______________________________.
b. What will happen to the following with diabetes insipidus?
1. Urine output
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance:
Electrolyte Homeostasis
1. Electrolytes enter the body in the food we eat and the beverages we drink. What is
the main way they leave the body? ______________
2. Movement of electrolytes and water between intracellular and interstitial fluid:
Electrolytes move across the cell membrane with (along) their concentration gradi-
______________.
3. Factors that affect the movement of water between the plasma and the interstitial
fluid:
Plasma proteins are too big to move out of the vessel wall; therefore, they would
4. The exchange of fluids between the interstitial fluid and plasma is known as
______________.
5. Altering the sodium concentration:
An increase in the plasma sodium concentration would cause a/an (decrease or
6. Edema is caused by _________________________ in the interstitial compartment.
The four causes of edema are:
1. ________________________________________ (for example, liver failure)
7. What ion in the plasma has the most significant effect on the extracellular fluid?
______________.
What is the normal concentration of this ion in the plasma? ____ – ____ mEq/L
8. What hormone acts in the kidney to reabsorb sodium? ____________________
What is the major stimulus for the release of this hormone? _________________
9. What hormone is necessary for water to be reabsorbed in the kidney?
______________
10. An increase in aldosterone will (increase or decrease) plasma levels of potassium.
12. Normal plasma calcium levels are ____ – ____ mg/dl. Muscle spasms and tetanus
can result from (hypercalcemia or hypocalcemia).
14. Mrs. Jones has congestive heart failure, hypertension, and a decreased glomerular
filtration rate. Check the correct answers: (Quiz section)
Edema:
____ no edema or ____ severe edema
15. Currently in the ER, Leonard also has congestive heart failure and is on diuretics.
His symptoms include muscle weakness and heart palpitations. What is his
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance:
Acid-Base Homeostasis
1. List the three important buffer systems in the body:
1.
2.
3.
3. A decrease in respiration will result in _____ CO
2
and will shift the equation
4. When body pH is decreased, what are the three compensatory renal mechanisms to
restore pH?
1
2.
3.
6. With ketoacidosis, show what happens to the following:
a. ______ plasma pH
7. With metabolic alkalosis, show what happens to the following:
a. ______ plasma pH
8. With respiratory acidosis, show what happens to the following:
a. ______ plasma pH
9. With respiratory alkalosis, show what happens to the following:
a. ______ plasma pH
Endocrine System:
Endocrine System Review
1. Hormones act at specific target organs because these organs contain ___________
specific for the hormones.
4. The parafollicular, or C cells, of the ___________ gland produce ___________, a pep-
tide hormone that lowers plasma calcium levels.
5. Hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets of the pancreas include ___________
from the αcells and _______________ from the βcells. Which of these hormones
7. ___________ (hormone) promotes the final conversion of vitamin D to ___________
in the kidney.
10. ___________ (hormone) is a stimulus for sperm production in the male and matu-
ration of ovarian follicles in the female.
12. The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex primarily produces the hormone
13. The _______ ________ (gland) is a modified sympathetic ganglion producing the
14. The ___________ (organ) produce(s) a steroid hormone called ___________ in the
interstitial cells and a peptide hormone called ___________ that inhibits FSH.
15. Large follicles in this gland (___________) contain a protein colloid called
16. Nuclei in the ventral hypothalamus produce two hormones that are stored in the
posterior pituitary. Name the two nuclei that produce these hormones and name
Endocrine System:
Biochemistry, Secretion, and Transport of Hormones
1. Place the following hormones into one of the three categories of hormones
(peptides, amines, or steroids): T
4
(thyroxine), estradiol, norepinephrine, insulin,
aldosterone, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, T
3
(triiodothyronine),
epinephrine, testosterone, and vasopressin (ADH).
2. Peptide hormones are synthesized as large precursor hormones called
______________. The hormones (or prohormones) are stored in _______ ________
3. Catecholamines are produced in the _________ of the adrenal gland and are
classified as ___________ hormones because they are derived from ___________.
4. Thyroid hormones include two molecules called _____ and _____. T
3
consists of
two ________ molecules plus _____ iodine molecules and is (more or less) abundant
5. All steroid hormones are derived from ____________; which steroid hormone is pro-
duced is determined by the _________ present in the cell. The common precursor
6. Preganglionic sympathetic fibers trigger the release of ___________ and __________
7. Two examples of hormonal regulation of hormone secretion include: (1) the
8. Besides increased levels of plasma glucose and amino acids (humoral regulation),
9. Some hormones are released in rhythmic 24-hour patterns known as _____________
rhythms. _____________ is a hormone allowing stressful stimuli to override this
10. The _______ and _________ are the major organs that metabolize hormones. The
type of hormone determines how fast they are metabolized. _________ and
____________ are rapidly metabolized, while __________ and _________ take longer
to metabolize.
Endocrine System:
The Actions of Hormones on Target Cells
1. The receptor is activated by the input signal that is the ______________. This signal
causes a biochemical change in the cell. Name three of the five possible changes.
2. Water-soluble proteins such as __________ and ______________ bind to receptors
located where on the cell? __________________
phosphorylate many proteins.
e. A single molecule of a hormone can have a large effect on the cell due to this
process, called ___________.
4. Insulin:
a. Insulin decreases plasma glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids by stimulating the
conversion of them to their storage form. Name these storage forms.