Nervous System II:
Anatomy Review
1. The somatic nervous system stimulates ____________ muscle.
2. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) consists of two divisions, each innervating
the effector organs. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) generally speeds up
everything except digestion. The parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) generally
slows down everything but digestion.
Signals from the SNS cause the heart rate to _________, while signals from the PNS
3. Neurons can excite or inhibit another neuron.
Exciting another neuron will increase the chances of a/an ___________________ in
4. Axons from one neuron can synapse with the dendrites or soma of another axon.
These synapses are called ______________________ (on dendrites) and
5. The electrical synapse:
1. _______ signal conduction
2. _____________ activity for a group of neurons.
6. The chemical synapse:
Chemical synapses are not as fast as electrical but are the most common type of
1. The signal can be either ____________ or ____________.
2. The signal can be ______________ as it passes from one neuron to the next.
7. The neuron conducting the impulse toward the synapse is called the
__________________ neuron. The axon terminal contains ___________
____________ filled with ______________________.
Nervous System II:
Ion Channels
1. List four neurotransmitters that bind to ion channels; these neurotransmitters
are called ___________________________ acting neurotransmitters.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
3. a. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) causes a neuron to ________________.
b. An example of a neurotransmitter that causes an IPSP is _______________________.
c. What type of ions move into the cell in response to this neurotransmitter?
______________.
4. a. Norepinephrine binds to a receptor that is separate from the ion channel.
5. a. This activates an enzyme that induces the production of a/an _____________
messenger.
6. Name three neurotransmitters that can only act indirectly.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
c.
8. Which one of the four neurotransmitters mentioned in question 1 can only act
directly? ______________________
Nervous System II:
Synaptic Transmission
1. What channels in the presynaptic neuron open up in response to an action
potential? ________________________
4. What type of gated channels do these chemicals open? ___________________
5. Name two ways these chemicals can be removed from the synaptic cleft.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
7. Name the two types of cholinergic receptors and indicate where these are found.
Type Found
excitatory:
inhibitory:
9. Autonomic nerves innervate what three things?
10. The most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS is ________________.
12. Name a drug that alters synaptic transmission in the following ways:
a. Blocks the action of the neurotransmitter at the postsynaptic membrane:
__________________.
Nervous System II:
Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration
2. Presynaptic inhibition is due to decreased _______ entering the terminal as
a result of ____________________________________.
4. a. Increasing the number of action potentials on an axon in a given period
5. The magnitude of the EPSPs may be reduced (thus affecting their ability to generate
6. Inhibitory synapses would have the maximum effect if located where?
___________________________
7. From the quiz, how many impulses did it take to cause an action potential:
a. From the axon the furthest away from the cell body? ___________
9. Compare action potentials and synaptic potentials:
Action Potential Synaptic Potential
Function
Cardiovascular System:
Intrinsic Conduction System
1. The intrinsic conduction system consists of _______________ ____________ cells
that initiate and distribute _______________ throughout the heart.
3. List the functions for the following parts of the intrinsic conduction system:
a. SA node ____________________________
b. Internodal pathway __________________________
4. The action potentials spread from the autorhythmic cells of the intrinsic
conduction system (electrical event) to the ______________ cells. The resulting
mechanical events cause a heartbeat.
7. In a normal ECG wave tracing, atrial repolarization is hidden by the
___________________.
9. A left bundle branch block would have a wider than normal wave for the
____________. (Quiz section)
Cardiovascular System:
Cardiac Action Potential
1. How do the waves of depolarization, generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to
the muscle cells? _____________________
3. Name the three channels essential for generating an action potential and indicate
which way the ions move (circle the correct one):
4. If the sodium channel or the fast calcium channels are open, the inside of the cell
would be relatively more ______________.
8. The ______________ pumps sodium out and potassium into the cell, restoring ion
concentrations to their resting levels.
9. Where is calcium stored in the contractile cells? ______________
11. State the voltage-gated channels responsible for the following stages of the action
potential in cardiac contractile cells:
12. What channels in the autorhythmic cells allow ions to leak in, producing a
pacemaker potential? (Quiz section) ______________
Cardiovascular System:
Cardiac Cycle
1. Valves open in response to __________________________ on their two sides.
2. List the chambers/vessels that the four valves connect:
3. a. Ventricular filling occurs during ______________ ventricular ____________.
b. Blood flows through the __________, or __________, valves into the ventricles.
7. During isovolumetric relaxation, what opens the AV valves?
Chamber Valve Chamber/Vessel
Pulmonary semilunar
10. During the four phases listed below, state whether the AV and semilunar valves are
open or closed:
Phase AV Valves Semilunar Valves
Ventricular filling
Cardiovascular System:
Cardiac Output
1. Define cardiac output (CO).
4. Write the equation for SV.
6. Given the values for HR and SV, calculate cardiac output:
CO ⫽
7. Explain how the following factors affect HR, SV, and CO by placing arrows (↑, ↓, or
↔for no change) under them.
HR SV CO
a. ↑SNS ____ ____ ____
8. Why would stroke volume increase with an increase in the sympathetic nervous
system or an increase in calcium?
Cardiovascular System:
Anatomy Review: Blood Vessel Structure and Function
1. Name the three layers or tunics of the blood vessel wall and what they are
composed of.
Location Tunic Name Composed of
Innermost
2. In the following list of characteristics, put “A” for artery, “C” for capillary, and “V”
for vein:
____ contain the lowest pressure ____ contain the highest pressure
____ has thick tunica media ____ thin tunica media
3. Name the three groups of arteries:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
5. Compared to the arteries above, the muscular arteries have more smooth muscle
but less ______________. They deliver blood to specific organs. The ______________
artery delivers blood to the kidney and would be an example of this type of artery.
6. The smallest arteries are called ______________. The steepest drop in blood
7. Capillaries:
The ______________ is a short vessel that directly connects the arteriole and
venule. When blood flows through this vessel, there is no exchange of materials.
8. Venules:
The smallest venules are formed when capillaries unite. They consist mainly of
______________ around which a few fibroblasts congregate. Blood flow continues to
(increase or decrease) in the venules.
9. Veins:
2. ______________. Here, contracting ______________ muscles press against veins,
forcing blood through #1 above.
Cardiovascular System:
Measuring Blood Pressure
1. Blood flow is generated by the _________________________________. Blood pressure
results when that flow encounters ______________ from the vessel walls.
4. Blood pressure fluctuates with each heartbeat. The pulse you feel in your wrist is
a/an _________________________ created by the contracting heart ejecting blood.
5. The maximum pressure exerted by blood against the artery wall is known as
7. ______________ pressure (DP) is the lowest pressure in the artery and is a result of
ventricular ______________.
Normal DP is about _______ mmHg.
8. Pulse pressure (PP) is the difference between ______________ pressure and