The Interactive Physiology®10-System Suite program, packaged free with each new copy of
Human Anatomy &Physiology,
mations and engaging quizzes to help students advance beyond memorization to a genuine
Muscular System
Anatomy Review: Skeletal Muscle Tissue; Neuromuscular Junction; Sliding Filament Theory;
Muscle Metabolism; Contraction of Motor Units; Contraction of Whole Muscle
Nervous System I
Anatomy Review; Ion Channels; Membrane Potential; The Action Potential
Nervous System II
Anatomy Review; Ion Channels; Synaptic Transmission; Synaptic Potentials and Cellular Integration
Cardiovascular System
Intrinsic Conduction System; Cardiac Action Potential; Cardiac Cycle; Cardiac Output; Anatomy
Review: Blood Vessel Structure and Function; Measuring Blood Pressure; Factors That Affect Blood
Pressure; Blood Pressure Regulation; Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics
Respiratory System
Anatomy Review; Pulmonary Ventilation; Gas Exchange; Gas Transport; Control of Respiration
Interactive Physiology
®
Exercise Sheets
B
Ninth Edition, is a successful study tool that uses detailed ani-
Muscular System:
Anatomy Review: Skeletal Muscle Tissue
1. Fill in the characteristics of the three muscle types:
Muscle Type Cardiac Skeletal Smooth
2. What attaches muscles to bone? _________________________.
3. The whole muscle is composed of muscle cells (fibers) grouped in bundles called
______________.
4. Name the connective tissue coverings surrounding the following:
1. Whole muscle _________________________
5. Match the following three terms with their definitions:
1. Sarcolemma ____ endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cell
2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum ____ intracellular fluid around organelles
7. Myofibrils consist of contractile proteins called _________________________.
Name the two types and what they’re composed of:
8. Arrangement of myofilaments. Give the letter name of each band:
Dark band →____ band
Light band →____ band
9. Define these two terms:
1. Z line (disc)______________________________________________________________
2. H zone __________________________________________________________________
10. What happens to these areas during contraction?
12. Organization of muscle. Put the following components in order, from smallest to
largest:
fascicle myofilament
myofibril muscle fiber (cell)
muscle
Muscular System:
Neuromuscular Junction
1. What insulates each muscle cell? _________________________
2. Synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal of a motor neuron contain what
neurotranmitter? _________________________
5. Binding of neurotransmitter to the receptors on the motor end plate opens
what type of ion channels? _________________________
6. Opening of these channels leads to _________________________ of the motor end plate.
7. How is the neurotransmitter removed from the synaptic cleft?
10. a. What effect did molecule “X” in the quiz have on the muscle contraction?
b. Explain its mechanism of action.
11. a. What effect did molecule “Y” have on the muscle contraction?
12. a. What effect did molecule “Z” have on the muscle contraction?
b. Explain its mechanism of action.
Muscular System:
Sliding Filament Theory
1. a. The thick filament is composed of what molecule? _________________________
3. Three molecules make up the thin filament.
a. Which molecule has a binding site for myosin heads? _____________________
b. Which molecule covers this binding site? __________________________________________
c. Which molecule has a binding site for calcium ions? ______________________________
6. Binding of the myosin heads sequentially prevents _____________________ of the
thin filament.
7. Name three roles for ATP in the contraction of muscle.
1. _________________________
9. Which of the following shorten during contraction? (may be more than one)
a. thin filament
10. a. What is the name of the condition in which muscles become rigid after
death? _________________________________
Muscular System:
Muscle Metabolism
1. List the three roles of ATP in muscle contraction:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
2. The potential energy in ATP is released when the terminal high-energy bond is bro-
3. Rebuilding ADP into ATP with a new source of energy is carried out by a process
4. List the three processes used to synthesize additional ATP when ATP supplies are low:
1. _________________________
5. An immediate source of energy is _________________________ (CP), but the
supplies are limited and rapidly depleted.
One molecule of CP produces ____ ATP.
If oxygen is not available, pyruvic acid is converted to ______________ acid, which
is the end product of ______________ respiration.
8. If oxygen is available, the process is known as ______________ respiration.
Name two sources of oxygen:
9. The process of restoring depleted energy reserves after exercise is called
_________________________.
Name four processes that occur during this time:
10. Put the following characteristics under the correct fiber type in the table below:
Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation uses glycolysis
fatigue rapidly high endurance
few capillaries many capillaries
Muscular System:
Contraction of Motor Units
1. Define a motor neuron: ____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. The synapse between a motor neuron and the muscle it innervates is called a/an
__________________________.
5. The muscles of the eye need to make precise small motor movements. Therefore,
you would find (large or small) motor units in the eye.
6. a. How is muscle tone maintained in the muscle? ______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
b. If the nerve to a muscle is cut, what will happen to the muscle? ______________
___________________________________________________________________________
Muscular System:
Contraction of Whole Muscle
1. Which of the following contract in an all-or-none fashion?
a. whole muscle b. single muscle fiber
2. Sarcomeres return to resting length _______________________________
3. Sarcomeres at resting length _______________________________
4. a. Temporal summation results from: ________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Below is a list of the four phases of temporal summation. Put them in the correct
order and describe each stage.
6. In the Motor Unit Summation section, how many motor units were required to lift
the weights when:
a. the weight was 160? ______________________
Order Stage Description
Fatigue
7. In the next lab simulation, what was:
a. the threshold stimulus? ______ V
8. a. In the Length-Tension Relationship experiment, at what degree of stretch
was the maximum tension developed? _______________________________
Nervous System I:
Anatomy Review
1. Neurons communicate with other neurons and stimulate both ______________ and
______________.
2. Match the following parts of the neuron and their function:
3. Signals from other neurons are received at junctions called ______________, located
primarily on the ______________ and ______________, the receptive and integrative
regions of the neuron.
5. An axon can branch, forming axon _________________________.
At the end, axons branch to form many axon _________________________.
6. What support cell type forms the myelin sheath? _________________________
7. The gaps between the Schwann cells, called the _________________________, are
essential for the conduction of the action potential.
Nervous System I:
Ion Channels
1. What structures in the cell membrane function as ion channels?
3. Channels can be classified as either gated or nongated channels. A sodium channel
that is always open would be classified as a/an ________________________ channel.
5. Voltage-gated potassium channels open at what voltage? __________ mV
7. Ion channels are regionally located and functionally unique. List all the areas on the
neuron and the type of potential dependent on the following types of ion channels:
Channels Areas on the Neuron Type of Potential
Passive
8. From the quiz, place an “X” by the characteristics of voltage-gated sodium
channels.
Always open
9. Name two channels (gated or nongated) through which chloride ions could pass
into the cell.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
Nervous System I:
Membrane Potential
1. Record the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of the following ions
(mM/L):
2. Excitable cells, like neurons, are more permeable to ___________ than to ___________.
3. How would the following alterations affect the membrane permeability to K
⫹
?
Use arrows to indicate the change in permeability.
4. a. What acts as a chemical force that pushes K
⫹
out of the cell? ___________________
b. What force tends to pull K
⫹
back into the cell? _________________________
7. Would the gradients in question 4 promote or oppose the movement of Cl
⫺
into
the cell?
a.
b.
Ions Intracellular Extracellular
Sodium (Na
⫹
)
9. What compensates for the movement (leakage) of Na
⫹
and K
⫹
ions?
_________________________
10. What will happen to the resting membrane potential of an excitable cell if: (Write
pos or neg to indicate which way the membrane potential would change.)
a. ↑ extracellular fluid concentration of K
⫹
___________
Nervous System I:
The Action Potential
1. a. The action potential changes the membrane potential from _______ mV (resting)
to _______ mV and back again to the resting membrane potential.
2. a. Where is the density of voltage-gated Na
⫹
channels the greatest?
__________________
3. a. If the membrane reaches the trigger point, known as __________________, what
electrical potential will be generated? __________________________________________
b. During the depolarization phase, voltage-gated __________ channels open and
_______ enters the cell.
5. a. The opening of voltage-gated K
⫹
channels causes the membrane to
_____________________.
d. This potential is caused by what characteristic of K
⫹
permeability? _________
__________________________________________.
b. During the ______________________ period, the cell can generate another action
potential but only if the membrane is ___________ (more or less) depolarized.
7. a. Conduction velocity along the axon is increased by what two characteristics?
8. a. Name the disease whose symptoms include loss of vision and increasing muscle
weakness: ________________________________ (from the Quiz section)