10. When taking blood pressure, inflate the cuff so that blood flow is ______________in
the blood vessel.
For questions 11 and 12, calculate PP and MAP, given SP = 130 mmHg and DP = 70
mmHg (see Quiz section for an example).
Cardiovascular System:
Factors That Affect Blood Pressure
1. What are the three main factors that influence total peripheral resistance (TPR)?
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
3. Name two hormones that directly increase blood volume.
1.
2.
4. Track the effect on blood pressure of reducing venous return. Go through all the
steps.
↓VR →
Use arrows in the spaces for questions 6 through 10.
8. Arteriosclerosis will result in ____ vessel elasticity and a/an ____ in blood pressure.
9. Excessive sweating will result in a short-term ____ in blood volume
Cardiovascular System:
Blood Pressure Regulation
1. a. Short-term mechanisms for regulating blood pressure include regulating
what three things?
1.
2.
3. Using up and down arrows, show the effect of increased blood pressure (BP) on the
impulses sent to the brain, the effect on the parasympathetic (PNS) and
sympathetic (SNS) nervous systems, and the resulting change in blood pressure.
5. As in question 3, use up and down arrows to show the effect of decreasing blood
pressure.
↑BP →____ impulses →____ PNS and ____ SNS →____ BP
6. In addition to effects on the heart and blood vessels, what hormones were
7. a. What cells in the kidney monitor low blood pressure? _________________
8. Name two effects of angiotensin II.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
Cardiovascular System:
Autoregulation and Capillary Dynamics
1. a. What regulates the flow of blood into true capillaries? ____________________
2. Use arrows to show whether high or low levels of the following would cause the
feeder arterioles to dilate and the sphincters to relax:
a. O
2
________ c. pH ________
b. CO
2
________ d. nutrients ________
4. Name three structural characteristics of capillaries that allow for passage of
materials out of the capillaries.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
5. a. Diffusion accounts for the passage of _________________________.
b. Non-lipid-soluble molecules move by _________________________.
7. a. In a capillary, what is equivalent to hydrostatic pressure?
8. a. Osmotic (or colloid osmotic) pressure in the capillaries is _____________
compared with that in the interstitium.
10. Indicate which of the following move through the capillary walls by diffusion and
which move through fenestrations and/or clefts:
a. Butter:
Respiratory System:
Anatomy Review
1. Fill in the missing organs of the respiratory system:
2. Each lung is surrounded by two layers of serous membrane known as pleurae.
These are:
______________ pleura; covers the surface of the lung
3. Bronchial tree:
Air flows from the trachea through the ______________, ______________, and
______________ bronchi to smaller and smaller bronchi. The trachea and bronchi
4. Airways from the nasal cavity through the terminal bronchioles are called the
______________ zone.
The function of this zone is to ______________ and ______________ the air.
6. The pulmonary ______________ carries blood that is (high or low) in oxygen to the
lungs.
7. Name the three types of cells in the alveolus:
1. ______________; simple squamous epithelium
8. The thin respiratory membrane consists of the _________________________ epi-
thelium and the ______________ membrane of both the alveolus and the capillary.
Respiratory System:
Pulmonary Ventilation
1. a. The relationship between pressure and volume is known as _________ Law.
2. Mark “I” for the muscles that control inspiration and “E” for the muscles that
control forceful expiration.
a. ____ Diaphragm
3. Intrapulmonary pressure ____s (↑or ↓) during inspiration.
4. a. What pressure is always negative and helps to keep the lungs inflated?
5. a. If transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lungs?
______________________
7. Name two other important factors that play roles in ventilation:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
For questions 8 through 10, fill in constrict or dilate, then ↑and ↓arrows.
8. Histamine will ____________ bronchioles →____ resistance →____ air flow
Respiratory System:
Gas Exchange
1. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases. Write down the percentages for:
a. O
2
___________
2. Calculate the partial pressures of the following gases at both atmospheric pressures:
760 mmHg 747 mmHg
3. What is the atmospheric pressure on the top of Mt. Whitney? ___________
4. Calculate the partial pressure of O
2
on the top of Mt. Whitney. ___________ mmHg
5. a. Why does more CO
2
than O
2
dissolve in liquid when both gases are at the same
pressure?
7. What three factors cause the partial pressures of gases in the alveoli to differ from
pressures in the atmosphere?
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
8. When air flow is restricted so that the partial pressure of O
2
is low and CO
2
is
high, what happens to the:
10. The planet Pneumo has a total atmospheric pressure of 900 mmHg. Oxygen and
carbon dioxide each constitute 30% of the atmosphere.
a. What is the partial pressure of oxygen on the planet Pneumo? ________
Respiratory System:
Gas Transport
1. Oxygen transport in the blood:
2. The hemoglobin molecule is composed of ____ polypeptide chains and ____ heme
groups containing iron.
What does oxygen bind to? ______________
4. When oxygen is loaded onto hemoglobin in the lungs, hemoglobin is called
5. From the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, we see the following:
Lungs: Partial pressure of oxygen is ____ mmHg
6. Effect of high altitude on lung P
O
2
:
With a decrease of 20 mmHg in the lungs, will the saturation of hemoglobin
decrease significantly? ______________
7. Effect of exercise on tissue P
O
2
:
8. Name the other factors that alter P
O
2
: _________________________
9. List the percentages for CO
2
transport in the blood:
____% dissolved in plasma
10. CO
2
transport as bicarbonate ions:
CO
2
binds with water to form ______________ acid.
This is known as the ______________ shift.
The reaction occurs in the opposite direction at the lungs so that CO
2
can be released.
11. A decrease in hemoglobin O
2
leads to an increase in CO
2
loading. Said another
way, O
2
loading facilitates CO
2
unloading. (Note: The effect is on CO
2
loading and
unloading.)
Respiratory System:
Control of Respiration
1. Where in the medulla are the neurons that set the basic respiratory rhythm?
_________________________
4. What ion directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors? _____________
5. Arterial P
O
2
must drop below what to stimulate the peripheral
chemoreceptors? _____________
7. If a person hypoventilates, what will happen to the following in the blood?
a. P
O
2
_____________
b. P
CO
2
_____________
8. a. What does lung hyperinflation stimulate? _________________________
Urinary System:
Anatomy Review
1. Name the organs in the urinary system:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
4. The functional units of the kidney are the ______________. They are called
______________ ______________ if they are located mainly in the cortex. They are
called ______________ ______________ if they are located in both the cortex and the
medulla.
6. Complete the sequence below showing all parts of the nephron:
Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule →______________ convoluted tubule →
______________ (both descending and ascending limb) →______________
convoluted tubule →______________ (both cortical and medullary sections)
8. The filtration membrane consists of __________________ capillary endothelium,
9. Proximal tubule: The simple cuboidal cells of the proximal tubule are called
___________________ cells because they contain numerous microvilli. The
10. Loop of Henle: The thin descending limb of the loop of Henle is highly permeable
to ___________________ but not to ___________________.
11. The thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle runs back between the afferent and
efferent arterioles as they enter and leave the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule.
The juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of the ___________________ cells of the
12. After the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the tubule becomes the distal tubule, which
merges with the cortical collecting duct. The cortical collecting duct contains two
functional types of cells: