7. ________ division innervation stimulates watery, enzyme-rich saliva secretion,
8. Label the figure below with the terms parasympathetic and sympathetic.
9. The esophagus secretes digestive enzymes.
a. True
b. False
12. Place the following labels on the figure below:
13. Gastrin-producing G cells are found in the gastric glands located in the ________
region of the stomach.
15. HCl in the stomach produces a pH of between ________ in the luminal fluid.
16. Which of the following is a function of HCl in the stomach?
17. Without _______ _______, vitamin B
12
, necessary for normal RBC development,
can not be absorbed by the intestine.
18. List the two secretions that stimulate HCl release from parietal cells.
19. During the cephalic phase, _________ neural reflexes stimulate an increased
production of gastric juice.
22. List the three major proteases (inactive forms) secreted by the exocrine pancreas:
1. _________________________
23. Intestinal ________ converts (activates) trypsinogen into trypsin.
24. The pancreatic hormone _______ regulates the absorptive state, while ______ regu-
lates the postabsorptive state.
25. List the four organic components of bile.
1. _________________________
27. The intestinal hormone _____ causes contraction of the gallbladder and release of
bile into the duodenum.
Digestive System:
Digestion and Absorption
1. List the three major nutrient classes (a.k.a. macronutrients).
2. Which of the following carbohydrates is not a disaccharide?
3. Match the following pairs of molecules with their monomers by placing the
number next to the matching letter:
a. sucrose __________
The monomers:
1. many glucose monomers
2. glucose + fructose
3. glucose + galactose
4. glucose + glucose
6. Place the following labels on the diagram below:
maltose, maltotriose, limit dextrin
7. Once food is acidified in the stomach, amylase continues to digest starch.
a. True
b. False
10. Pancreatic __________ is responsible for the majority of fat digestion.
11. Most water and salt are absorbed in the colon.
12. The active transport of sodium is necessary for water absorption in the small
intestine.
14. Which of the following is not a brush border enzyme?
15. Place the following labels on the figure below:
luminal side, facilitated diffusion transporter, basolateral side
16. List the three major pancreatic proteases.
1. _________________________
17. Only single amino acids are absorbed in the small intestine.
a. True
b. False
18. List the two main brush border proteases.
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
20. Bile salts surround monoglycerides and free fatty acids to form tiny droplets called
________.
Galactose
22. Chylomicrons exit the intestinal epithelial cells and then enter the ________
lymphatic capillaries.
24. Colic bacteria produce substantial quantities of ________ ____ as a by-product of
their metabolism.
Immune System:
Immune System Overview
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
2. Pathogens are classified according to their size and where they are located in the
body. List the five types of pathogens, from largest to smallest:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. _________________________
6. When the surface barriers (innate external defenses) are penetrated, what is the
next line of defense? _________________________
7. This defense mechanism (named in question 6) identifies enemies by recognizing
8. Name the four key ways adaptive defenses differ from innate defenses:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
9. B and T lymphocytes recognize pathogens by binding to them. What the
Humoral Versus Cellular Immunity
11. ____________ immunity is directed against pathogens in the extracellular fluid.
This immunity involves ____ lymphocytes.
14. Name three circumstances in which T cells would be activated against body cells:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
Immune System:
Anatomy Review
1. Name the two major anatomical parts of the immune system:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
2. Cells of the immune system originate in ______________. These cells are called
3–4. List the leukocytes in order of frequency from most to least common. In the
second column put their distinct characteristics.
Name of Leukocyte Description
5. Specialized immune cells: Leukocytes are normally found in the blood, while non-
leukocytes are found in tissue. Fill in the cells classified under the following head-
ings and note if they are found in blood or tissue.
6. Primary lymphoid organs, where B and T cells originate and mature, are the bone
marrow and thymus. Fill in the following:
Both B and T cells originate from ______________.
7. Secondary lymphoid organs, where lymphocytes become activated, include the fol-
lowing structures:
a. _________________________
9. The lymphatic vessels collect excess interstitial fluid that leaves the capillaries and
returns it to the cardiovascular system.
How many liters per day are collected? ____ L/day
11. The lymphatic capillaries have _______ valves to collect the excess interstitial fluid
and any leaked proteins.
13. Special lymphatic capillaries in the intestines, called ______________, transport
absorbed ______________from the intestines into the blood.
14. Name two functions of the lymph nodes:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
17. The ______________ cleanses the blood like the lymph nodes cleanse the lymph.
18. Functions of the spleen include:
19. Collections of secondary lymphoid tissue (called ______________ for short) are dis-
tributed throughout the mucosal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, and
20. The ______________, a primary lymphoid organ, is the site for differentiation of
lymphocytes into mature T cells. What happens to this organ as we age?
____________________________________________________________________________
Immune System:
Innate Host Defenses
1. Name the two major categories of innate (nonspecific) defenses:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
4. The mucus membranes not only provide a barrier, but also produce a variety of pro-
tective chemicals. For example, the stomach secretes ______________ enzymes and
has a very _______ pH. The respiratory and digestive tracts are lined with
______________ that traps pathogens.
6. Neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages (monocytes develop into macrophages in
the tissue) are the two types of phagocytes discussed. Answer the following
questions by circling the correct answer.
Which phagocyte is most abundant? Neutrophil or Monocyte
7. A phagocyte recognizes and binds to molecules found on pathogens using special
8. At least 10 different TLRs have been identified on human phagocytes. Two
reactions are triggered when TLRs recognize a pathogen:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
10. Name three ways the pathogen is destroyed:
1. ________________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________________
12. Certain _______ (from the adaptive defense system) can enhance the killing process
within a macrophage. This happens when the macrophage presents antigens from
13. ______________ cells are a type of lymphocyte, but, unlike the B and T cells, they
14. NK cells kill like ______________ T cells; direct contact with a target cell causes it
to undergo ______________, a form of cellular suicide.
15. Name the two types of antimicrobial proteins:
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
17. What causes a cell to secrete interferons? _________________________
18. The interferons secreted by this cell bind to receptors on nearby cells, causing these
19. The complement system is a cascade of interdependent proteins that enhances
both the innate and adaptive defenses. When activated, these proteins can:
a. ________________________________________________________________________
b. ________________________________________________________________________
c. ________________________________________________________________________
20. Both adaptive and innate defense systems can activate this cascade via several path-
ways. For example: