Physics Chapter 18 The Term Often Used Describe These Conditions

2. Functions to allow blood vessels to pass through, result-

478e.1

Avian Anatomy

FEATHER TYPES AND STRUCTURE

EXERCISE 1. LABEL AND DESCRIBE FEATHER STRUCTURE

1., 3., 5.

Hooklet

Barb Barbule

Rachis

Inferior

umbilicus

CHAPTER

18

tiny hooklets (hamuli). These hooklets interlock each barb

CHAPTER 18 Avian Anatomy

478.e2

EXERCISE 3. FEATHER IDENTIFICATION

1 . B

SKELETAL ANATOMY

EXERCISE 4. EXPLORE THE AVIAN

LIGHTWEIGHT SKELETAL STRUCTURE

1. Reduction in the number of bones

EXERCISE 2. DRAW FEATHER TYPES

3. Reduction in the density of bones, which are relatively

thin but strengthened by a network of internal bony

braces

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CHAPTER 18 Avian Anatomy

Major metacarpal

Alula (first digit)

Orbit

Upper mandible

Radius

Second digit

EXERCISE 5. LABEL AN AVIAN SKELETON

CHAPTER 18 Avian Anatomy

478.e4

WING ANATOMY

EXERCISE 6. EXPLORE AN AVIAN PECTORALIS MUSCLE

1 . S t e r n u m

2. Underside of the humerus

EXERCISE 7. CLINICAL APPLICATION: LABEL AN AVIAN LEG SKELETON

Femur

EXERCISE 8. CLINICAL APPLICATION: IDENTIFY

AVIAN FOOT TYPE

Cockatoos are parrots and are therefore considered zygodac-

OCULAR ANATOMY

EXERCISE 9. LABEL AN AVIAN EYE

EXERCISE 10. EXPLORE AN AVIAN EYE

Fibrous tunic: Sclera, cornea

Uveal tunic: Choroid, iris, ciliary muscles

BEAK ANATOMY

EXERCISE 11. EXPLORE AN AVIAN BEAK

1. Seedeaters: Have thick beaks; act as forceps; crushing

action

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CHAPTER 18 Avian Anatomy

DIGESTIVE ANATOMY

EXERCISE 12. LABEL AND DESCRIBE AN AVIAN

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Ileum

Esophagus

Duodenum

Rudimentary ceca

CARDIAC ANATOMY

EXERCISE 13. LABEL AN AVIAN HEART

Aorta

Right and left

pulmonary arteries

RESPIRATORY ANATOMY

EXERCISE 14. LABEL, COLOR, AND DESCRIBE

AN AVIAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1. The syrinx is essentially the voice box of birds and

contains muscles, air sacs, and vibrating membranes. To

create sound, air from the lungs and air sacs is forced over

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478.e6

3. a. Act as a reservoir for air

b. Aid in thermoregulation

c. Aid in buoyancy for water birds

EXERCISE 16. DESCRIBE AVIAN OVULATION

Infundibulum: Possesses folds that grab an ovum as it comes

out of the ovary.

Magnum: Secretes layers of albumen (egg white) around

the egg.

CRITICAL AND CLINICAL THINKING

EXERCISE 17. DEFINE THE TERM NECROPSY

A postmortem examination of an animal cadaver

EXERCISE 18. EXPLORE THE ANATOMIC

STRUCTURE OF THE AVIAN SPECIES

1. External, middle, and inner ear

2. Coracoids, scapulas, and clavicles

EXERCISE 19. CLINICAL THINKING CHALLENGE

1. During hot weather, depressor muscles press the feathers

against the body. This action will promote heat loss.

Feathers cover such a large portion of a bird’s body that

sweat glands would not be effective.

2. Some birds use their beaks to: crack seeds and nuts (par–

Interclavicular air

Cervical air

sac

Trachea

Caudal air

sac

Abdominal air

sac

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CHAPTER 18 Avian Anatomy

6. Often, the lighter tips of a bird’s ﬂ ight and tail feathers

are worn off by the roughness of daily activities, giving

the feathers a more iridescent appearance.

7. Blood can be seen in the proximal part of the feather

shaft during the entire growth phase.

8. In the avian skeleton, the number of bones is reduced.

and air is pushed, not pulled, into the respiratory sys-

tem. Thus, it is important not to press down on the keel

too hard or this will prevent the passage of air.

11. The larger, more superﬁ cial muscle is called the pecto-

ralis; it inserts on the underside of the humerus. The

smaller, deeper ﬂ ight muscle is called the supracoracoi-

deus; it turns into a tendon that passes through the

up. This puts its eyes in the best position to view the

intruder.

13. The skin of birds contains two types of sensory nerve

ending that respond to pain, heat, cold, and touch. For

many species, the sense of touch is important for ﬁ nd-

ing food. Therefore the nerve endings responsible for

corpuscles are very responsive to even the slightest

feather movement.

14. Grain eaters, such as turkeys, have the thickest gizzard

walls and can pulverize hard objects, such as steel nee-

dles and walnuts. The gizzard walls in carnivores are

relatively thin, and those in omnivores are quite variable.

altered by diet, parasites, or disease, and any change in

an individual bird’s normal excreta should be investi-

gated to discover the cause. Birds suffering from the

actions of some intestinal parasites, such as coccidia,

often have a tinge of green in their output, and some-

times blood. An infection with clostridial bacteria

often presents as a copious amount of light brown

and, in severe cases, degeneration of the bones in the feet

(osteomyelitis). The term often used to describe these

conditions of the avian foot is bumblefoot. Coping

beaks and claws must be done with care, because both of

these structures contain blood vessels and nerves that

can be hit if they are trimmed too deeply.

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478.e8

deﬂ ate as in mammals. Fresh air ﬂ ows in a continuous,

unidirectional path in the lungs and does not get mixed

with dirty air containing waste products.

20. Uric acid is more efﬁ cient in eliminating nitrogen; each

waste products must be stored in the egg throughout the

embryo’s development. Because urea requires a relatively

large volume of water for excretion, the egg would not have

enough room to house it. Also, high quantities of urea are