Exercise 1.1
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Exercise Answers
Chapter 1
Exercise 1.1
Part I
1. P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and happen to
2. P: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a person’s real interests.
3. P: The denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any other
4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy in
5. P1: Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order.
P2: But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images.
6. P1: The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland.
7. P1: We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories.
P2: Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better after a good
8. P1: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the average
student.
9. P1: An agreement cannot bind unless both parties to the agreement know what they are doing
10. P1: Punishment, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior.
11. P1: High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry.
P2: High profits provide the incentive for firms to expand output and for more firms to enter
12. P1: My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor’s doghouse, trapping
their sleeping Doberman inside.
13. P1: Private property helps people define themselves.
P2: Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence.
14. P1: To every existing thing God wills some good.
15. P1: The average working man can support no more than two children.
P2: The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent
Exercise 1.1
16. P1: The nations of planet earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive power equal
to more than a million Hiroshima bombs.
17. P1: An ant releases a chemical when it dies, and its fellows carry it away to the compost
heap.
18. P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at
19. P1: Antipoverty programs provide jobs for middle-class professionals in social work,
penology and public health.
20. P1: Corn is an annual crop.
P2: Butchers meat is a crop which requires four or five years to grow.
21. P1: Loan oft loses both itself and friend.
22. P1: Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital through
unnecessary surgery.
P2: Take the engineer who discloses safety defects in the braking systems of a fleet of new
23. P1: If a piece of information is not “job relevant,” then the employer is not entitled qua
employer to know it.
24. P1: One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is premature aging of the skin.
25. P1: It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the shark is
simply avoiding suffocation.
26. P: If you place a piece of Polaroid (for example, one lens of a pair of Polaroid sunglasses) in
27. P1: The secondary light [from the moon] does not inherently belong to the moon, and is not
28. P1: Anyone familiar with our prison system knows that there are some inmates who behave
little better than brute beasts.
29. P1: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep studies conducted on adults indicate that REM pressure
30. P1: We say that an end pursued in its own right is more complete than an end pursued
because of something else, and that an end that is never choiceworthy because of
Exercise 1.1
something else is more complete than ends that are choiceworthy both in their own right
and because of this end.
Part II.
1. College sports are as much driven by money as professional sports.
Part III
1. Logic: The organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.
Exercise 1.1
Part IV
Exercise 1.2
Part I
1. Nonargument (explanation)
2. Nonargument; conditional statement
3. Argument (conclusion: Freedom of the press is the most important of our constitutionally
guaranteed freedoms.)
Exercise 1.2
Part II
1. Nonargument
Part IV
1. Argument from example: An argument that purports to prove something by giving one or
more examples of it.
2. Conditional statement: An “if … then …” statement.
Part V
Part VI
1. Sufficient: If something is a tiger, then it is an animal.
Exercise 1.2
Exercise 1.3
Part I
1. Deductive (argument based on mathematics; also, the conclusion follows necessarily from
the premises.)
2. Inductive (argument based on signs)
3. Inductive (prediction; also, there is an inductive indicator word and the conclusion follows
only probably from the premise.)
Exercise 1.3
16. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise.)
17. Deductive (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.)
Part II
1. Deductive argument: An argument in which the arguer claims that it is impossible for the
conclusion to be false given that the premises are true.
5. Categorical syllogism: A syllogism in which all three statements are categorical
propositions; a syllogism in which all three statements begin with the words “all,” “no” or
“some.”
Part III
Exercise 1.4
Part I
1. Valid, unsound; false premises, false conclusion.
2. Valid, sound; true premise, true conclusion.
Exercise 1.4
Part II
1. Strong, cogent; true premise, probably true conclusion.
Exercise 1.4
Part III
1. Deductive, valid 11. Inductive, weak
Part IV
1. Valid argument: An argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given
that the premises are true.
2. Invalid argument: A deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false
given that the premises are true.
Part V
Exercise 1.5
Part I
1. All G are S. All cats are animals. (T)
2. No C are E. No cats are dogs. (T)
3. No P are M. No cats are dogs. (T)
4. No I are P. No fish are mammals. (T)
5. Some P are W. Some animals are dogs. (T)
6. All S are T. All dogs are mammals. (T)
7. No P are H. No dogs are fish. (T)
8. Some T are S Some cats are animals. (T)
9. All A are G. All dogs are animals. (T)
10. Some S are not O. Some dogs are not fish. (T)
11. All S are U. All mammals are animals. (T)
12. No M are U. No fish are dogs. (T)
13. Some I are not E. Some animals are not mammals. (T)
14. Some S are A. Some animals are fish. (T)
15. Some N are S. Some dogs are animals. (T)
1. If A then E. If George Washington was assassinated, then George Washington
Exercise 1.5
2. If C then P. If George Washington was assassinated, then George Washington
3. If H then C. If Lassie is a dog, then Lassie is an animal.
4. If E, then
6. Some W are C. Some fruits are purple.
7. All C with L are either S or I. All cats with fur are either mammals or dogs.
All C are I. All cats are dogs.
8. All M that are R
9. All D are either I or G. All dogs are either mammals or fish.
10. All R that are F
Exercise 1.6
Part I
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Exercise 1.6
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Exercise 1.6
Part II
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Exercise 1.6
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