Nursing Chapter 25 Homework Discuss The Importance These Various Types Knowledge

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Discuss the meaning of caring.

Concepts for Lecture

1. There are a number of definitions of caring in the text. Caring means

2. Mayeroff (1990) has proposed that to care for another individual is

to help the individual grow and actualize him– or herself. Caring is a

process that develops over time, resulting in a deepening and trans-

formation of the relationship.

er’s needs and how to respond to these needs); alternating rhythms

(moving back and forth between the immediate and long-term mean-

ing of behavior, considering the past); patience (enabling the other to

grow in his or her own way and time); honesty (having an awareness

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Identify nursing theories focusing on caring.

Concepts for Lecture

2. Leininger’s theory of culture care diversity and universality is based

3. Ray’s theory of bureaucratic caring focuses on caring in organiza-

4. Roach focuses on caring as a philosophical concept and proposes

that caring is the human mode of being. All individuals are caring

and develop their caring abilities by being true to self, being real,

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• Have each student select a definition of caring

that most reflects his or her understanding of this

concept. Ask the students to write several

paragraphs explaining the rationale for their

selections.

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Provide examples of the major ingredients of

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and contrast findings.

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• If a specific theory of caring is used in the school

of nursing, explore this theory in greater detail,

including how to apply concepts from this theory

to nursing care.

•

Divide students into groups and assign a theo-

theory books and resources available for stu-

• Discuss Ray’s theory of bureaucratic car-

5. Boykin and Schoenhofer propose the theory of nursing as caring.

They suggest that the purpose of the discipline and profession of

6. Watson’s theory of human care views caring as the essence and the

7. Swanson defines caring as “a nurturing way of relating to a valued

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Analyze the importance of different types of knowledge in nursing.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Nursing involves different types of knowledge that are integrated to

guide nursing practice. Nurses require scientific knowledge (empiri-

cal knowledge), therapeutic use of self (personal knowledge), mor-

al/ethical knowledge (ethical knowing), and creative action

phenomenon to theoretical analysis.

Aesthetic knowing is the art of nursing and is expressed by the

individual nurse through his or her creativity and style in meeting the

needs of the client. Empathy, compassion, holism, and sensitivity are

important modes in the aesthetic pattern of knowing.

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• Provide examples of the types of knowledge

and ask students to supply additional exam-

ples. Discuss the importance of these various

types of knowledge to nursing practice, using

the examples generated to illustrate this im-

portance.

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Describe how nurses demonstrate caring in practice.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Nurse theorists and researchers have studied the question of “how

Caring in practice is demonstrated by knowing the client, nurs-

ing presence, empowering the client, compassion, and competence.

• Knowing the client:

Caring attends to the totality of the client’s

experience. The nurse aims to know who the client is, in his or her

uniqueness. The nurse’s knowing the client ultimately increases

the possibilities for therapeutic interventions to be perceived as

relevant.

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Evaluate the importance of self-care for the professional nurse.

Concepts for Lecture

1. As nurses take on multiple commitments to family, work, school,

and community, they risk exhaustion, burnout, and stress.

Mayeroff (1990) describes caring for self as helping oneself

grow and actualize one’s possibilities.

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• Share specific examples from your practice of

caring in nursing practice.

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Invite a panel of nurses who work with clients

of varying ages in various types of settings,

including intensive care, emergency

department, home care, hospice, and other

observed other nurses demonstrating caring

attributes and behavior.

• Have students share situations where they

failed to show caring in practice (e.g., a situa-

tion in which personal needs were prioritized

over the client’s needs). Help students analyze

these situations and develop another possible

approach to these situations.

•

Ask the students to complete the Twelve

Things You Would Love to Do (see Box 25–3

in the text) activity and post this in a visible

place in their rooms.

•

Ask the students to repeat the Positive Affir-

mations (see Box 25–4 in the text) every

morning on arising for 1 week. Discuss

whether they felt any difference in their ap-

proach to the day.

144 CHAPTER 25 / Caring

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Identify the value of reflective practice in nursing.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Critical thinking, self-analysis, and reflection are required in order to

learn from one’s experience. The student matures as a practitioner by

thinking about how values and standards guide practical experience.

Reflection is thinking from a critical point of view, analyzing why

one acted in a certain way, and assessing the results of one’s actions.

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Ask the students to complete the Nursing Student

Reflection Checkpoint (see Box 25–7 in the

text). Discuss their responses in clinical

conference.

• Using the Guidelines for Reflective Journaling

(see Box 25–6 in the text), have the

students maintain a reflective journal. Have

them submit the journal at regular intervals for

your input.