Nursing Chapter 1 Homework Establishing And Implementing Standards Practice Are Major

CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice 1

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Discuss historical factors and nursing leaders influencing the development of

nursing.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Recurring themes of women’s roles and status, religious (Christian)

values, war, societal attitudes, and visionary nursing leadership have

influenced practice. Traditional female roles of wife, mother, daugh-

training school where Florence Nightingale received her training in

nursing. War created a need for nurses, and a number of early nurs-

ing leaders emerged during wartime. Florence Nightingale is well

known for her service during the Crimean War. Harriet Tubman, So-

journer Truth, Mother Biekerdyke, Clara Barton, and Dorothea Dix

ing’s Future.” Many nursing leaders have made contributions to

nursing’s history and to women’s history. Florence Nightingale

(1820–1910) was the founder of modern nursing. Clara Barton

(1812–1912) helped establish the American Red Cross. Linda Rich-

ards (1841–1930) was the United States’ first trained nurse and is

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HISTORICAL AND CONTEMPORARY NURSING

PRACTICE

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• Have the students write a paper on one of the

historical or contemporary factors influencing

nursing.

•

Have the students write a paper about one of

the historical nursing leaders.

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precursor to the National League for Nursing. Margaret Higgins

Sanger (1879–1966) is considered the founder of Planned

Parenthood. Mary Breckinridge (1881–1965) established theFrontier

2.

Contemporary nursing practice is influenced by economics, changing

demands for nurses, consumer demand, family structure, science and

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Discuss the evolution of nursing education and entry into professional nurs-

ing practice.

Concepts for Lecture

1. The practice of nursing is controlled from within the profession

through state boards of nursing and professional nursing organiza-

tions. These groups also determine the content and type of education

that is required for different levels or scopes of nursing practice.

Originally, the focus of nursing education was to teach the

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Describe the different types of educational programs for nurses.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Types of educational programs include practical or vocational nurs-

ing, registered nursing, graduate nursing, continuing education, and

with classroom and clinical experiences, and graduates take the

NCLEX–PN examination for licensure.

There are three major types of RN nursing programs: diploma,

associate degree (ADN), and baccalaureate degree (BSN). Although

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• Invite nurses who have obtained master’s and

doctoral degrees to discuss the programs, why

they decided to obtain advanced education, and

their current positions.

•

To provide a historical perspective, invite

nurses who graduated from diploma schools in

the 1960s or the Cadet Nurse Corps to discuss

their education programs.

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CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice 3

Graduate nursing programs include master’s degree and doctoral

programs. Master’s programs generally take from 1.5 to 2 years to com-

plete and provide specialized knowledge and skills that enable nurses to

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Explain the importance of continuing nursing education.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Continuing education (CE) refers to formalized experiences de-

signed to enlarge the knowledge or skills of practitioners.

The purposes of CE programs include keeping nurses abreast of

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Describe how the definition of nursing has evolved since Florence Nightin-

gale.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Florence Nightingale defined nursing nearly 150 years ago as “the

2. Virginia Henderson wrote, “The unique function of the nurse is to

assist the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those activi-

3. In the latter half of the 20th century, a number of nurse theorists de-

veloped their own theoretical definitions of nursing. Common

4.

Professional nursing associations have also examined nursing and devel-

oped their definitions of it. In 1973, the ANA described nursing practice

as “direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the

family, and community during health and illness” (ANA, 1973, p. 2). In

1980, the ANA changed this definition of nursing to: “Nursing is the di-

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Identify the four major areas of nursing practice.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Four major areas within the scope of nursing practice are promoting

health and wellness, preventing illness, restoring health, and caring

for the dying. Promoting health and wellness involves behaviors that

enhance quality of life and maximize personal potential by enhanc-

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Concepts for Lecture

2.

The purpose of the American Nurses Association Standards of Practice

is to describe the responsibilities for which nurses are accountable. These

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Describe the roles of nurses.

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• Invite a panel of nurses whose positions repre-

sent the four major areas within the scope of

practice to discuss their responsibilities.

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• Arrange for groups of students to visit an

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• Obtain copies of the state’s nurse practice act for

• Have the students compare the state nurse prac-

tice act with the nurse practice act from another

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• Ask the students to give examples of how nurses

enact these roles.

• Invite a group of nurses to discuss how they

enact these roles.

CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice 5

Concepts for Lecture

1. Nurses assume a number of roles, often concurrently, while provid-

ing care to clients. These roles include caregiver, communicator,

teacher, client advocate, counselor, change agent, leader, manager,

case manager, and research consumer. As caregivers, nurses per-

As client advocates, nurses act to protect clients. They represent

clients’ needs and wishes to other health professionals and assist cli-

ents to exercise rights and speak up for themselves.

As change agents, nurses not only assist clients to make modifi-

cations in behavior but also act to make changes in the health care

system.

As leaders, nurses influence others to work together to accom-

plish specific goals whether working with individual clients, other

health professionals, or community groups.

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Describe the expanded career roles of nurses and their functions.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Expanded career roles such as nurse practitioner, clinical nurse spe-

cialist, nurse midwife, nurse educator, nurse researcher, and nurse

Nurse practitioners specialize in areas such as care of adults, pe-

diatrics, family practice, school nursing, or gerontology. They pro-

vide care for clients with nonemergent acute or chronic illness,

provide ambulatory care, and practice in health care agencies or

community-based settings.

Clinical specialists are experts in a specialized area of practice

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UGGESTIONS FOR

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• Invite a panel of nurses in expanded roles to

discuss their education, roles, and responsibili-

ties.

• Have each student write a short paper on an

expanded role of interest to the student.

• Have the students explore the scope and stand-

ards of practice for one of the expanded roles.

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6 CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice

are employed in nursing programs at educational institutions and in

hospital staff education.

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Discuss the criteria of a profession and the professionalization of nursing.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Criteria of a profession include requirements for prolonged and spe-

cialized education to acquire a body of knowledge pertinent to the

Research in nursing is evolving with federal funding and profes-

sional support establishing centers for nursing research with an in-

creased focus on research pertaining to practice–related issues.

The nursing profession places a high value on the worth and

dignity of others, requiring integrity of its members regardless of

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Discuss Benner’s levels of nursing proficiency.

Concepts for Lecture

1. Patricia Benner (2001) describes five stages of nursing proficiency:

novice, advanced beginner, competent, proficient, and expert.

A novice has no experience. Performance is limited, inflexible,

and governed by rules and regulations rather than by experience.

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• Have the students debate whether nursing is a

profession.

• Have the students compare nursing with another

profession, using the criteria of a profession.

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• Invite a new nursing graduate to discuss the

“real” world of nursing. Ask the graduate to dis-

cuss the differences seen between the novice

nurse and more experienced nurses.

• Have the students relate Benner’s stages to a

previous experience, for example, beginning a

new job or starting college.

CHAPTER 1 / Historical and Contemporary Nursing Practice 7

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Describe the factors influencing contemporary nursing practice.

Concepts for Lecture

1.

Factors influencing contemporary nursing practice include economics,

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Explain the functions of national and international nurses’ associations.

Concepts for Lecture

1. The American Nurses Association (ANA) is the national profession-

The National League for Nursing (NLN) is an organization of

individuals and agencies. Its purpose is to foster the development

and improvement of all nursing services and nursing education. Non–

nurses may become members of the NLN. The National League

for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC), an independent

body within the NLN, provides voluntary accreditation for educa-

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• Have students develop a paper on one of the

factors influencing contemporary nursing prac-

tice describing how nursing has been influenced

in the past by this factor and how it is likely to be

influenced in the future.

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• Have the students debate the following topic: All

nurses should join and participate in the ANA or

CNA, and all nursing students should join and

participate in the NSNA or the Canadian Univer-

sity Student Nurses Association.

• Have the students write a short paper on one of