Networking Chapter 6 This chapter explains some of the tasks that network administrators must perform

Guide to Networking Essentials, Eighth Edition 6-1

Chapter 6

IP Addressing

At a Glance

Instructor’s Manual Table of Contents

• Overview

• Objectives

• Teaching Tips

• Quick Quizzes

• Class Discussion Topics

• Additional Projects

• Additional Resources

• Key Terms

Guide to Networking Essentials, Eighth Edition 6-2

Lecture Notes

Overview

This chapter explains some of the tasks that network administrators must perform in

configuring IP on network devices. Your students will learn how to subnet, IPv4 addresses and

Chapter Objectives

After reading this chapter and completing the exercises, the student will be able to:

• Explain IPv4 subnetting

• Use Classless Interdomain Routing Notation

• Perform subnetting calculations

Teaching Tips

IPv4 Addressing

1. Describe an IP address. Point out that IPv4 addresses are written in dotted decimal

notation. Point out that an “octet” is an 8-bit value.

2. Describe a network ID and explain how it is used.

3. Define a subnet mask and explain how it is used.

Binary Math

2. Review with your students how the decimal system works.

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4. Use Table 6-2 to show students how to convert a decimal number to a binary number.

Explain the sequence of steps necessary to complete the calculation.

IP Address Classes

1. Show students the different classes of IP addresses, and describe how to determine what

class an IP address is by looking at the value of the first octet.

2. Explain the use of the entire 127.0.0.0 A class network for loopback purposes. If

Private IP Addresses

1. Explain the need for private IP addresses, and discuss how IPv4’s addressing limitations

have affected the use of private IP addressing.

Classless Interdomain Routing

2. Introduce students to the concept of Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR). Discuss

how CIDR allows subnet masks to be configured regardless of their address class.

CIDR Notation

1. Explain the use of an IP prefix in CIDR notation.

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Broadcast Domains

1. Define and describe a broadcast domain.

2. Point out that a broadcast is a packet addressed to all computers on the network.

Subnetting

2. Describe how subnetting allows a large network to be broken down into smaller, more

manageable networks.

Calculating a Subnet Mask

1. Describe how to subnet with the purpose of creating more networks, or with the purpose

of creating more hosts.

2. Use Table 6-5 to discuss the pattern of subnetwork numbers.

4. Explain the steps necessary to calculate a new subnet mask, given the example in the

text. Use Figure 6-2 in your discussion.

5. Give students an example of why they might need to calculate a subnet mask based on a

Supernetting

1. Explain what supernetting is, and how it is most commonly used for summarizing

routes in route tables.

a. Supernetting is essentially the reverse operation of subnetting.

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Teaching

Tip

Students may read more about subnetting at

https://www.cbtnuggets.com/blog/2018/10/networking-basics-what-is-ipv4-

subnetting/

Quick Quiz 1

1. Which of the five IP Address class ranges are available for host assignment?

2. The IP address 127.0.0.1 is a reserved address because it used for troubleshooting and is

known as what?

3. What is the name of the process of dividing a single network address into two or more

subnetwork addresses, each with fewer available host IDs than the original network

address.

4. What subnet mask does the following network in CIDR notation have? 192.168.2.0/27

b. 255.255.255.192

d. 255.255.255.128

5. True or False: The differences between TCP/IPv4 and TCP/IPv6 are limited to the TCP

part of the protocol.

Configuring IPv4 Addresses

1. Explain the rules to remember when assigning a computer an IP address:

a. A host can be assigned an IP address only in the range of Class A, Class B, or

Class C addresses

b. Every IP address configuration must have a subnet mask.

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Teaching

Tip

Students may read more about configuring multihomed servers at

https://www.ibm.com/support/knowledgecenter/en/SS7K4U_9.0.5/com.ibm.websphere.zseries.doc/ae/tcea_multihome_cfg.html

9. Introduce routing tables and explain their purpose.

a) Explain the network destination of 0.0.0.0 with a netmask of 0.0.0.0.

12. Describe how the route command can be used to change the routing table.

Teaching

Tip

Students may read more about the Route command syntax at

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb490991.aspx.

IP Configuration Command-Line Tools

1. Introduce other command-line tools:

a. netsh

b. ipconfig

2. Discuss how the netsh.exe command can be used to perform a variety of network

configuration tasks. Mention that students can see a list of netsh commands by typing

3. Introduce and describe the ipconfig command.

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7. Explain how to see options available with the ping command.

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Internet Protocol Version 6

1. Discuss some of the features of IPv6 that address IPv4’s biggest shortcomings.

2. Point out that methods have been developed to allow IPv4 and IPv6 networks to coexist

IPv6 Overview

1. Describe the improvements and changes in IPv6 from IPv4:

a. Larger address space

e. Built-in support for security

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IPv6 Address Types

1. Point out that unicast and multicast addresses in IPv6 perform much like their IPv4

counterparts, but anycast addresses are altogether different.

IPv6 Unicast Addresses

1. Remind students that a unicast address specifies a single interface on a device.

2. Explain that there are three primary types of IPv6 unicast addresses.

3. Define and describe link-local addresses.

5. Define and describe unique local IPv6 addresses.

7. Point out that unique local addresses can begin with fc or fd and that global IDs

beginning with fd are called “locally assigned”.

9. Discuss the advantages IPv6 addresses have over IPv4 addresses, aside from the much

larger address space.

11. Discuss the IPv6 addresses and prefixes that have a special purpose:

• Loopback address

12. Explain how subnetting will still be used in IPv6 networks.

13. Use Figure 6-10 to illustrate the structure of a typical IPv6 address.

a) Explain the strategies that can be used with the 16 bits available:

• A small network that does not have multiple subnets can simply leave the subnet

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Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol

1. Define and describe Intra-Site Automatic Tunnel Addressing Protocol (ISATAP). Point

2. Discuss the format of ISATAP addresses.

6to4 Tunneling

1. Define and describe 6to4 tunneling.

Teredo Tunneling

1. Define and describe Teredo tunneling.

2. Discuss the format of a Teredo address.

Quick Quiz 2

1. True or False: All hosts on the same network must share the same network ID.

2. How many bits are in an IPv6 address?

a. 16

b. 32

c. 64

d. 128

3. Which IPv6 address type can’t be routed and are equivalent to Automatic Private IP

Addressing (APIPA) in IPv4?

a. Global addresses

b. Anycast addresses

c. Link-local addresses

d. Unique local addresses

4. Which command displays the route packets take between two computers?

a. route

b. tracert

c. nslookup

d. ping

5. Which of the following tunneling protocols requires that the IPv4 address embedded in

the tunneling address must be a public address?

a. Teredo

b. ISATAP

c. IPv6-overIPv4

d. 6to4

Class Discussion Topics

1. Discuss the advantages of subnetting in IPv4.

2. Discuss whether NAT is needed for IPv6. If necessary, research the topic to aid your

discussion.

3. Discuss factors that will influence how long IPv6 will adequately support network

Additional Projects

1. Have the students research IPv6. The student should prepare a report on their findings.

Additional Resources

1. How IPv4 Multicasting Works

3. What is IPv6 and Why Aren’t We There Yet?

4. Understanding Tunneling

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Technical Notes for Hands-On Projects