Media Studies Chapter 09 Homework Created Student Programmers The University Illinois Urbana Champaign

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Hanson, Mass Communication 8e

SAGE Publishing, 2022

Lecture Notes

Chapter 9: Online and Mobile Media

Learning Objectives

1-1 Identify why the original technology behind the internet was developed

1-2 Identify and describe the three major components of the World Wide Web

1-4 Describe the four elements of the “hacker ethic” and how they apply to the contemporary

internet

1-6 Explain why people believe that the convergence of old and new media will replace “dead–

tree” media (newspapers, magazines, and other formats) as the main source for news

Annotated Chapter Outline

I. The Development of the Internet

A. Most recent mass media that is still rapidly evolving and changing

B. First designed to let academics and military researchers share data

C. Limited to interpersonal communication until the release of the World Wide Web in

1991

D. Internet: a diverse set of independent networks, interlinked to provide its users with the

appearance of a single, uniform network

E. Packet switching: sending computer breaks down a message into smaller packets that

can be sent separately across the network and then reassembled at the destination

computer

i. See Figure 9.1

F. ARPAnet

i. Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA): division of the Pentagon

ii. ARPAnet: connected four different institutions and was the first component of

the internet

a. See Figure 9.2

G. Connecting Incompatible Networks

i. Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf

Hanson, Mass Communication 8e

SAGE Publishing, 2022

iii. Construction of next-generation networks for high-speed links to computers

around the world

H. Email

i. Electronic mail (email): a message sent from one computer user to another

across a network

II. Tim Berners-Lee: Inventor of the World Wide Web

A. Created a system that is easy to use, allows users to access any type of information, and

has a simplified single addressing system for accessing documents

B. Early versions

i. Doug Engelbart

ii. Ted Nelson

C. World Wide Web: allows users to view and link documents located anywhere in the

world using standard software

i. Three major components

a. The uniform resource locator (URL)—the address of content placed on

the web. An example is www.mysite.com

b. The hypertext transfer protocol (http)—the standard set of rules used

D. Openness and Accessibility on the Internet

i. Initial development was done by volunteers from around the world

Hanson, Mass Communication 8e

SAGE Publishing, 2022

E. Searching on the World Wide Web

i. Mosaic: the first easy-to-use graphical web browser

a. Created by student programmers at the University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign

ii. Criticism on Google’s search algorithms

a. Google’s software tends to favor big businesses over smaller ones.

Google also seems to favor Amazon.com and Facebook

b. Google helps shape how search happens by adjusting their

autocomplete suggestions and their quickly appearing information

iii. Government desire for limiting search capability

F. Going Mobile

i. Changing access to computers and computer-based media

ii. Broadband service: broadband connection that offers increased connection

speed and constant connection to the internet

iii. Move to mobile connectivity

iv. Mobile Apps

a. Increased use of mobile apps and the mobile web

III. Online Media: Blogs, Podcasts, and Streaming

A. The internet as a forum for people to interact and create their own materials

B. Weblog: a collection of links and commentary in hypertext that can be created and

posted on the internet with relatively little effort

i. Public diaries, collections of photos, commentaries, etc.

ii. Allow readers to comment or annotate

C. Influence of bloggers

D. Different perspectives on stories

E. Longtail Content

i. Citizen journalism: a newspaper-like blog that posts reports about hyperlocal

issues

IV. The Internet and Society: Hacker Ethic

A. Internet was a way to permit the independent use of computers

B. Internet attitude of using the medium for one’s own purpose

C. Consequences of environment of uncontrolled information

D. Hacker ethic:

i. “Access to computers—and anything which might teach you something about

the way the world works—should be unlimited and total.”

E. Hacking the 2016 Presidential Election

i. Russian hacking and the 2016 election results

a. Digital propaganda

b. False stories from Russian news organizations

F. The Notion of Cyberspace

i. Ubiquitous, non-physical space

ii. Cybernetics: science of communication and control theory

iii. Creation by William Gibson

V. The Internet and Society: Our Online World

A. Changes in the understanding of community

i. Similar changes to those of the telegraph

B. Conflicts Over Digital Media

i. Controlling Content on the Web

a. Unsuitable content for children

b. Use of filtering software

ii. Privacy and the Web

a. Loss of privacy in sites

Hanson, Mass Communication 8e

SAGE Publishing, 2022

VI. Convergence of Old and New Media

A. New media synergy

i. Depth of text with profusion of photos, audio, and video

B. Reverse synergy: worst of old and new media combined in one new package

i. Bloomberg financial news example

ii. Power of a single story

C. Everything Is Data

i. Increased use of data services

ii. Proliferation of streaming services

a. Netflix