Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Instructor Manual
Chapter 6: Managing Change, Innovation, and Entrepreneurship
Work Application Sample Answers
Most of the answers are actual student answers or based on student answers. You may give these
answers as part of your lecture before, after, or in place of getting student answers.
6-1. Give an example of an innovation from an organization you work for or have worked
for. Be sure to specify whether it was a product innovation or a process innovation.
I work for the Friendly’s Ice Cream training department. Friendly’s always maintains its technical
6-2. Give an example of a force that resulted in a change in an organization you work for or
have worked for.
At my restaurant we had a technology change from the old-fashioned give the cook a hand-written
order to a touchscreen computer ordering system.
6-3. Give one or more examples of a type of change you experienced in an organization you
work for or have worked for.
6-4. Does an organization you work for or have worked for have any of the six
characteristics of innovative cultures? Overall, does the organization have a creative
culture?
I work at a large supermarket and stock shelves. As far as I know, management does not encourage
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6-5. Does an organization you work for or have worked compete in a more incremental or
discontinuous change environment?
I work at a local pizza shop and things don’t change much. So I guess it is more incremental
6-6. Give an example of a situation when you resisted a change. Be sure to specify which of
the six reasons fueled your resistance to change.
6-7. Describe the intensity, source, and focus of the resistance to change you identified in
Work Application 6-6.
I was strongly resistant because of values pertaining to self. My feeling was: “I like the way I do
6-8. Give an example of one or more OD interventions used in an organization that you
work for or have worked for.
The company I worked for, Smith & Wesson, had an annual survey feedback, and during the year
6-9. Are you interested in being an entrepreneur or an intrapreneur? What business would
you like to start?
Yes. I’ve been working in a restaurant for two years and someday I plan to open my own.
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Review Question Answers
6-1. How do the four management functions relate to change?
When managers organize and delegate tasks, they often require employees to make some changes
6-2. What is the difference between a change in strategy and a change in structure?
A change in strategy occurs at the corporate, business, and/or functional level. It can include going
6-3. List the four areas of technology change.
6-4. What are the two forms of change?
Change takes one of two broad forms: It is either incremental or radical.
6-5. What are the characteristics of an innovative culture?
6-6. What are the two approaches to managing innovation?
There are two major approaches to managing innovation. There is the compression approach used
6-7. List the four stages in the change process.
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6-8. What are the six major reasons employees resist change?
6-9. What are the three major focuses of resistance to change?
The three major sources are facts, beliefs, and values. Focuses of resistance to change are self,
others, and work environment.
6-10. Explain the difference between team building and process consultation.
6-11. State the difference in the use of force field analysis and survey feedback.
Force field analysis is used by a small group to diagnose and solve a specific problem. Survey
6-12. What is a new venture, and who starts it?
6-13. How do you define small business?
A small business is a business that is independently owned and operated, with a small number of
6-14. What are competitive and first-mover advantages?
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
Communication Skills Answers
6-1. How does the systems effect relate to the four types of changes?
6-2. Which type of change is the most important?
Answers will vary. But people are the organization’s most valuable resource.
6-3. Do you believe that organizational change today is more slow/incremental (calm water)
or radical (white-water rafting)?
6-4. Do you consider yourself to be a creative and innovative person? Why or why not?
6-5. Would you prefer to work during a time of incremental or discontinuous change?
6-6. Which stage of the change process is the most difficult to overcome?
Answers will vary.
6-7. Which of the six reasons for resisting change do you believe is most common?
6-8. Which of the seven ways to overcome resistance to change do you believe is the most
important?
Answers will vary.
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
6-9. Does creating urgency really help to get people to change? Give at least one example to
support your position.
Answers will vary.
6-10. As a manager, which, if any, OD interventions would you use?
6-11. Would you rather work for a small or large business?
Applying the Concept Answers
Applying the Concepts 6-1: Types of Change
Identify the type of change in each statement:
A. Strategy
B. Structure
C. Technology
D. People
1. “Jane, we need to purchase the new machine to speed up production.”
C. Technology. A new machine is an example of technology.
2. “Usan, we are improving our smartphones by making the battery life longer.”
3. “Tauna, did you hear we are implementing a retrenchment strategy by laying off 2,500
employees.”
4. “Karl, we are going to have to focus on retaining our existing customers to stop losing
them to Amazon.”
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
5. “Mo, I’d like you to get a college degree so you can advance into management positions
with us.”
D. People. Education is a form of training to improve an employee’s skills.
Applying the Concept 6-2: Innovative and Non-innovative Cultures
Identify the type of organizational culture described in each statement.
A. Innovative culture
B. Non-innovative culture
6. “Howie, I tried to develop a better tasting cola, but people like the old taste better.
However, my boss gave me a very sincere thanks for trying.”
7. “Carlos, Why is our boss so autocratic; always telling us all the details of how to do a
new task without our input?”
B. Non-innovative culture. This is an example of focusing on means rather than on ends.
8. “Heidy, does your boss focus on having you follow the rules too?”
9. “Sheen, our supervisor lets us do our jobs any way we want to, so long as we meet our
objectives.”
10. “Tip, when we come up with a creative idea, we have several levels of management that
have to approve the innovation.”
Applying the Concept 6-3: OD Interventions
Identify the appropriate OD intervention for the change described in each statement.
A. Training and development
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
B. Sensitivity training
C. Team building
I. direct feedback
11. “Connie, when we install the new software, who is going to learn to run it?”
12. “Francesco, what intervention will we use to prepare our employees to put the product
together as a group rather than each person continuing to produce one part of it?”
13. “Liza, are you sure this intervention will work? Our team has a “lot” of conflict that is
affecting how we get along as we complete the job.”
D. Process consultation. It is used to improve team dynamics—how people interact as they work.
14. “Hanna, what interventional can we use to make jobs more interesting and challenging
for employees?”
15. “Kent, our employees are often rude to each other. What intervention can we use to make
them better understand how their behavior affects their coworkers?”
16. “Why don’t we get a small group together to figure out things that are holding us back
from getting a higher product quality rating and what we can do to improve quality?”
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
17. “Jordan, I think we could benefit from using intervention that gets lots of employees
from many departments and our key suppliers to discuss ideas on improving productivity.”
G. Large-group intervention. Bringing together participants from all parts of the organization to
18. “Winona, we need an intervention that can identify the employee morale problems so
we can change the situation.”
19. “Tony, I’ve been hearing a lot about social media marketing. Should we try it?”
Join the Discussion
Join the Discussion 6-1: Online High School
There are high schools, including National High School, offering online courses and diplomas.
They tend to be attractive to individual-sport athletes, such as tennis players, golfers, and skaters,
because they allow flexibility to train, travel long distances to compete, and do course work in
between. Online courses also allow students to work at their own pace. Unlike public school,
students pay to earn credits and don’t have face–to-face, in-person contact with peers and
teachers. Some of the online high schools are for-profit businesses making lots of money.
1. How do you feel about high school students missing the experience of attending
traditional classes and socializing with their peers?
Instructor Resource
Lussier, Management Fundamentals 8e
SAGE Publishing, 2019
2. How do you feel about students paying to earn a high school diploma online when they
can earn one for free at a public school?
3. Is it ethical and socially responsible to offer a for-profit online high school?
Join the Discussion 6-2: Virtual Internships
You are familiar with the traditional internship model, in which a student works at an
organization to gain experience and perhaps a full-time job after graduation. With today’s
Internet technology, more and more companies are hiring virtual interns, who work from their
college computers. Virtual interns do a variety of tasks, including secretarial work, software and
website development, and information technology projects. Most virtual interns never even set
foot inside the organization’s facilities.
1. What are the benefits of virtual internships to employers and to interns?
2. Should a student be given college credit for a virtual internship, or should he or she
receive only pay without credit—a part-time job?
Answers vary.
3. Is it ethical and socially responsible to use interns instead of regular employees?
4. Will the use of virtual interns become the norm, or will the practice fade?