International Business Chapter 9 Homework Conglomerate expansion may be too costly as a means

CHAPTER 9 MANAGEMENT OF ECONOMIC EXPOSURE

ANSWERS & SOLUTIONS TO END OF CHAPTER QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

QUESTIONS

1. How would you define economic exposure to exchange risk?

2. Explain the following statement: “Exposure is the regression coefficient.”

3. Suppose that your company has an equity position in a French firm. Discuss the condition

under which the dollar/euro exchange rate uncertainty does not constitute exchange exposure

for your company.

4. Explain the competitive and conversion effects of exchange rate changes on the firm’s

operating cash flow.

5. Discuss the determinants of operating exposure.

6. Discuss the implications of purchasing power parity for operating exposure.

7. General Motors exports cars to Spain but the strong dollar against the euro hurts sales of

GM cars in Spain. In the Spanish market, GM faces competition from the Italian and French car

makers, such as Fiat and Renault, whose operating currencies are the euro. What kind of

measures would you recommend so that GM can maintain its market share in Spain.

8. What are the advantages and disadvantages of financial hedging of the firm’s operating

exposure vis-à-vis operational hedges (such as relocating manufacturing site)?

9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of maintaining multiple manufacturing sites as a

hedge against exchange rate exposure.

10. Evaluate the following statement: “A firm can reduce its currency exposure by diversifying

across different business lines.”

11. The exchange rate uncertainty may not necessarily mean that firms face exchange risk

exposure. Explain why this may be the case.

Answer: A firm can have a natural hedging position due to, for example, diversified markets,

PROBLEMS

1. Suppose that you hold a piece of land in the City of London that you may want to sell in one

year. As a U.S. resident, you are concerned with the dollar value of the land. Assume that, if the

British economy booms in the future, the land will be worth £2,000 and one British pound will be

worth $1.40. If the British economy slows down, on the other hand, the land will be worth less,

i.e., £1,500, but the pound will be stronger, i.e., $1.50/£. You feel that the British economy will

experience a boom with a 60% probability and a slow-down with a 40% probability.

(a) Estimate your exposure b to the exchange risk.

(b) Compute the variance of the dollar value of your property that is attributable to the exchange

rate uncertainty.

(c) Discuss how you can hedge your exchange risk exposure and also examine the

consequences of hedging.

Solution: (a) Let us compute the necessary parameter values:

2. A U.S. firm holds an asset in France and faces the following scenario:

State 1

State 2

State 3

State 4

Probability

25%

Spot rate

$1.20/€

$1.10/€

$1.00/€

$0.90/€

P*

€1500

€1400

€1300

€1200

P

$1,800

$1,540

$1,300

$1,080

In the above table, P* is the euro price of the asset held by the U.S. firm and P is the dollar price

of the asset.

(a) Compute the exchange exposure faced by the U.S. firm.

(b) What is the variance of the dollar price of this asset if the U.S. firm remains unhedged

against this exposure?

(c) If the U.S. firm hedges against this exposure using the forward contract, what is the variance

of the dollar value of the hedged position?

Solution: (a)

E(S) = .25(1.20 +1.10+1.00+0.90) = $1.05/€

3. Suppose you are a British venture capitalist holding a major stake in an e-commerce start-up

in Silicon Valley. As a British resident, you are concerned with the pound value of your U.S.

equity position. Assume that if the American economy booms in the future, your equity stake will

be worth $1,000,000, and the exchange rate will be $1.40/£. If the American economy

experiences a recession, on the other hand, your American equity stake will be worth $500,000,

and the exchange rate will be $1.60/£. You assess that the American economy will experience a

boom with a 70 percent probability and a recession with a 30 percent probability.

(a) Estimate your exposure to the exchange risk.

(b) Compute the variance of the pound value of your American equity position that is attributable

to the exchange rate uncertainty.

(c) How would you hedge this exposure? If you hedge, what is the variance of the pound value

of the hedged position?

Solution:

Prob = 0.70 P* = $1,000,000 S = $1.40 P = £714,300

MINI CASE: ECONOMIC EXPOSURE OF ALBION COMPUTERS PLC

Consider Case 3 of Albion Computers PLC discussed in the chapter. Now, assume that

the pound is expected to depreciate to $1.50 from the current level of $1.60 per pound. This

implies that the pound cost of the imported part, i.e., Intel’s microprocessors, is £341

(=$512/$1.50). Other variables, such as the unit sales volume and the U.K. inflation rate,

remain the same as in Case 3.

(a) Compute the projected annual cash flow in dollars.

(b) Compute the projected operating gains/losses over the four-year horizon as the discounted

present value of change in cash flows, which is due to the pound depreciation, from the

benchmark case presented in Exhibit 12.4.

(c) What actions, if any, can Albion take to mitigate the projected operating losses due to the

pound depreciation?

Suggested Solution to Economic Exposure of Albion Computers PLC

a) The projected annual cash flow can be computed as follows:

______________________________________________________

Sales (40,000 units at £1,080/unit) £43,200,000

b) ______________________________________________________

Benchmark Current

Variables Case Case

______________________________________________________

Exchange rate ($/£) 1.60 1.50

Unit variable cost (£) 650 697

c) In this case, Albion actually can expect to realize exchange gains, rather than losses. This is