History Chapter 26 The Second World War This Covers American Foreign Policy Between

CHAPTER 26

The Second World War, 1933–1945

This chapter covers American foreign policy between the wars, the challenges Germany and Japan posed

to international relations, the tensions between American isolationism and internationalism, and the

origins and early years of the wars in Europe and Asia. It then examines the emergence and then decline

of American neutrality, American aid to Britain in its war against Germany, and the Japanese policies in

China and wider East Asia that led to the attack on Pearl Harbor. It explores the critical battles of the war,

how the Allied powers gained the advantage against their Axis opponents in both the European and

CHAPTER OUTLINE

I. The Rise of Fascism in Europe

A. Italy and Germany

B. The Expanding Axis

II. From Isolationism to Intervention

A. U.S. Neutrality

B. The Axis Alliance

C. Anschluss

D. The Munich Pact (1938)

E. The Conquest of Poland

F. Revising the Neutrality Act

G. War in Europe

H. Preparing America for War

I. The Manhattan Project

O. Germany Invades the Soviet Union

P. The Atlantic Charter

Q. War in the Atlantic

R. The Storm in the Pacific

i. The Tripartite Pact

ii. The Attack on Pearl Harbor

III. Arsenal of Democracy

A. Military Production

B. Financing the War

C. Economic Controls

D. The Disruptive Effects of World War

i. Women in the War

IV. The Allied Drive Toward Berlin

A. War Aims and Strategy

i. The North Africa Campaign

ii. The Casablanca Conference

iii. The Battle of the Atlantic

iv. Sicily and Italy

v. The Tehran Conference

vi. The Strategic Bombing of Europe

vii. Planning an invasion

viii. D-Day and After

ix. The Normandy Landings

x. The Liberation of Paris

xi. Roosevelt’s Fourth Term

xii. The Race to Berlin

V. The Pacific War

A. The Philippines

B. Coral Sea and Midway

C. MacArthur’s Pacific Strategy

D. Battles in the Central Pacific

E. A War to the Death

F. The Atomic Bomb

VI. A New Age is Born

LECTURE IDEAS

1. A lecture on Franklin D. Roosevelt’s foreign policy is the best way to introduce his diplomatic efforts. See

2. A lecture detailing America’s attempts at neutrality in the 1930s, focusing on the initiatives of

Congress and President Roosevelt’s polices, will give the students an opportunity to see how the

3. The election of 1940 saw America elect, for the first time, an individual for a third term. A lecture on

the significance of this election allows you to explore the constitutional arguments about term limits.

4. A good general overview of World War II will give your students the necessary background to

(2000)

• Gordon Wright’s The Ordeal of Total War: 1939–1945 (1968)

5. Alongside the military and economic dimensions of World War II, the relationship among the “Big

Three” (Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin) and the diplomacy their respective nations pursued during

(1992)

• Warren Kimball’s The Juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as Wartime Statesman (1991)

6. Mobilization of the American home front is an important story of U.S. involvement in World War II.

The transformation of the economy, the mobilization of women in the workforce, the rationing of and

price controls on scarce goods, and propaganda are among the issues that pervaded the home front

during World War II. A lecture on the American home front during World War II can provide your

(1976)

7. World War II had a tremendous impact on American race relations. An examination of this impact can

allow you to address much larger issues of race and ethnicity that have long been part of American

history. A lecture that highlights particular examples from the World War II period can help students

8. One of the most significant moments of the war came at its end: the dropping of the atomic bombs on

Japan. While saving American lives is still the most well-known rationale for the decision to drop the

bombs, historians have since identified a variety of additional factors that influenced Truman and

2004). For a discussion of the end of the Pacific war that goes beyond a close focus on the atomic

bombs, see Thomas Zeiler’s Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II (2004).

See also:

• Richard Rhodes’s The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1986)

IN-CLASS ACTIVITIES

1. Break your class up into several groups and have each detail the major causes that led to the outbreak

2. Historian Michael Barnhart described the attack on Pearl Harbor as the culmination of events leading

Japan and the United States to commit to a conflict “neither nation desired, but one that neither could

avoid.” Divide the class into two groups to consider this point. One group should look at the events

leading up to Pearl Harbor from the American perspective, and the other from the Japanese

perspective. Each group should determine whether Barnhart’s statement holds true for the nation

3. Who were the Tuskegee Airmen, and what were their achievements during the war? Ask your

4. It is often said that finding peace can be harder than waging the war itself. What is certain is that in

1945, the Allies did not want to see a repeat of what followed World War I. Divide students into

groups and ask them to detail the various efforts of the Allies in determining the shape of the postwar

world. What conferences were held, and what were their major outcomes? What other steps toward

5. Some accounts view the United States as the outright liberators of the Jews in the wake of the

Holocaust. Others, however, recognize the United States as an unwitting accomplice in failing to

confront the atrocities of the Holocaust, despite its increasing awareness of them. Ask your students

DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

1. Discuss the various foreign crises between the world wars, paying particularly close attention to

Germany, Italy, and Japan.

2. Analyze the debate in the United States over what role the country should play as the world conflict

grew in the early stages of World War II. How did the United States help the Allied (British) war effort

before it formally entered the war?

3. Discuss the attack on Pearl Harbor and the impact it had on sharpening American public opinion

5. What was the D-Day landing? Why was it so important? Consider this question from the viewpoint of the

5. Discuss Truman’s decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan. What were the arguments for and against

such action? What eventually led him to his decision?

6. Why did the Allies win the war? What are the short-term and long-term factors that help explain their

victory?

PRACTICING CITIZENSHIP

This chapter emphasizes the road toward American entry into the Second World War, with a particular

focus on the role of public opinion on foreign policy. At times, public opinion restricted policymakers’

flexibility in responding to the challenges abroad; at other times, policymakers such as Franklin Roosevelt

sought to move public opinion to support the policies deemed essential to American interests. To see how

public opinion and foreign policy intersect, contact the office of your local congressional representative or

senator. Find out what he or she believes are the most pressing foreign policy issues of the day and what

his or her positions are on those issues. Under what circumstances would your congressional

representative support American entry into a war? If you are in agreement, you might consider ways to

strengthen popular support for those foreign policies both you and your representative support, such as by