The financial engineer can replicate the payoffs of owning a put option by selling a forward contract and buying a call. For
example, suppose the forward contract has a settle price of $50 and the exercise price of a call is also
Coal futures price: 40$ 45$ 50$ 55$ 60$
Value of call option position: –$ –$ –$ 5$ 10$
Value of forward position: 10$ 5$ –$ (5)$ (10)$
Total value: 10$ 5$ –$ –$ –$
Value of put position: 10$ 5$ –$ –$ –$
The payoffs for the combined position are exactly the same as those of owning a put. This means that, in general, the relationship
between puts, calls, and forwards must be such that the cost of the two strategies will be the same, or an arbitrage opportunity
exists. In general, given any two of the instruments, the third can be synthesized.