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Muscle fiber
(c
)
(b
)
(a)
Muscle
Tendon
Bone
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ZZ
Sarcomere
Z
Myofibril
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ZZZZ
ContractionRelaxed
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Length
Tension
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Muscle
Stretch
receptor
Golgi
tendon body
FIGURE 7.5 Positive and negative feedback comes from receptors in the muscles and a feedback loop at the
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Atmosphere
Lungs
Heart
Body
tissues
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Time
WorkingResting
70
80
90
100
110
Heart rate (beats/min)
120
130
Recovery
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0
30
40
50
60
70
Oxygen cost of running
80
90
10 15 20 25
Energy expenditure
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Maximum oxygen consumption
Running speed
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Very old adultsVery young adults
Younger adultsOlder adults
μμ χ
FIGURE 7.9 Relationship between age and work capacity. There is no simple cutoff age at work capacity
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0
10
20
Endurance (min)
20 40 60 80
Load (% max)
100
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0
0
100
120
140
160
50 100 150 200 250
300
Right erector spinae
Time (s)
C7 (cervical
vertebra)
Plumbob line
EMG sensor
(erector spinae)
EMG sensor
θt
θtorso
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