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Courtesy of CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group
FIGURE 6.1 Mechanism of walking. The calf muscles plantar ex the foot and the quadriceps straightens
the knee at “toe-off” to propel the body forward. The weight shifts to the left foot. The iliopsoas muscle pulls
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GRF
N
F
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FIGURE 6.3 Abdominal mechanism in lifting.
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Heniation
of intervertebral
disc
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F
ull height
Shoulder height
20 kg
10 kg
10 kg
5 kg
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43 2
18 13 9
43 2
42 29 21
864
20 14 10
64 3
46 32 23
(a)
(b
)
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(a)(b)
(c) (d)
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(a) (b)
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Fpush
Fr
iction = μR
R
mg
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800
700
600
500
400
Force (N)
Initial (static) force
to initiate motion
Sustained (kinetic)
force to sustain
motion on flat section
Sustained (kinetic)
force to sustain motion
on ramp section
300
200
100
0
0510 15
Time (s)
20 25
30
Flat
section
Ramp
section
FIGURE 6.13 Plot of parallel to surface (horizontal) force as a function of time when pushing a manual pal-
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