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Courtesy of CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group
C
C
B
C
B
A
C
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FIGURE 4.14 Modern school furniture based on ergonomic principles. Note the high desk that slopes
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10
8
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2
0
75 75 100 50 125 50 100 100 75 1257550 100 50 25 25 150 25 25
50 25 50 25 50 50 25 100 100 10075 100 75 75 25 50 50 75 100
Postures
FIGURE 4.15 Maximum recommended holding times for static postures in minutes. (Redrawn from Dul,
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20° 20°
11
0°
0°
44
FIGURE 4.16 Static holding times for work objects. (From prEN 614. Safety of machinery. Ergonomic
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Bent forward
(a)
(b
)
Erect
X
Y
AB
ToespaceNo toespace
FIGURE 4.17 (a) Toespace is needed if standing workers are to stand up straight. (b) Sit–stand industrial
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T
horacic
support
Lumbar
support
Sacral
space
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9
1
27
10
8
6
4
3
5
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2
1
2
20°
20°
3
3
60°
4
2
1
2
0°
20°
L3/L4
2
100°
1
260°
2
1
15°
0°
15°
1
2
0°
FIGURE 4.21 REBA joint angle observational scoring system. (Redrawn from Hignett, S. and McAtamney,
L. 2000. Rapid entire body assessment. Applied Ergonomics, 31: 201–205. With permission.)
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Trunk inclination
a
1
4
3
3
4
2
5
010203040506
06
2
1
0
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(a) (b)
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