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COG
COG
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(a)
(b
)
(c)
(d)
FIGURE 4.2 The hip joint and pelvis related to posture. (a) Frontal view of the human pelvis and hip joint.
The joint acts as a fulcrum during walking. The anterior gluteal muscles are hip abductors and counteract the
adductor moment exerted by the upper body and swinging leg, preventing the trunk from tilting to the side of
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(a) (b)(c)
FIGURE 4.3 Orientation of the ischium with respect to the hip joint. (a) Human standing erect.
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Vertical
referenc
e
24° ± 5°
128° ± 7°
111° ± 6°
Horizontal reference
90°
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1
(a)
(b)(c) (d)
(e)(f)
8
9
20°
–20°
0°
FIGURE 4.5 (a) Angles of pelvic tilt in different body positions. On the left, posterior pelvic tilt with at-
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300
275
250
225
200
175
Total load on third lumbar disk in a subject of 70 kg
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Position of body
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A
A
FIGURE 4.7 Anterior wedging of the intervertebral disc occurs in the slumped sitting position (A = poste-
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FIGURE 4.8 One-legged standing postures. Humans are designed to walk using two legs, one at a time,
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Static postureMovement
low frequency
Movement
high frequency
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(a) (b)(c)
(d)(e)
FIGURE 4.10 Spinal posture when standing is affected by workspace design: (a) unconstrained relaxed
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Task requirements
Workspace design Personal factors
FIGURE 4.11 The postural triangle. A person’s working posture is a result of the requirements of the
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FIGURE 4.12 Application of the postural triangle to workspace evaluation. The illustration depicts a monk
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