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(a) (b)
(c)
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1. Sitting height. Vertical distance from seat to top of head.
Use 99th percentile male sitting height to specify minimum
overhead clearance. Allow 20 mm if hard hats are worn.
2. Sitting eye height. Gives the center of the visual field of a
7. Forward reach. Horizontal distance from the back of the
wall to the fingertip. Use to estimate upper limb length when
estimating zones of convenient reach. Work objects to be
placed within 5th percentile female upper limb length.
FIGURE 3.2 Static anthropometric measurements commonly used in ergonomics. (Refer to Table 3.2 for
mean and standard deviations of these in a variety of populations.) (Continued)
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13. Inter-elbow span. Tip of right elbow to tip of left elbow.
Minimum width of passageways where clothing has to be
donned. Also used to specify zones of convenient reach for
elbow functional reach.
14. Standing shoulder height. Vertical distance from floor to
18. Elbow functional reach. Horizontal
distance from wall to fingertip with the elbow
flexed 90°. Use 5th percentile to define the
22. Bideltoid breadth. Maximum width at
shoulders. Use 99th or 95th percentile
male breadth to specify the width of a
FIGURE 3.2 (Continued) Static anthropometric measurements commonly used in ergonomics. (Refer to
Table 3.2 for mean and standard deviations of these in a variety of populations.)
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A
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90% of
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x = n
xi
i=1
n
∑
–S =
(a) (b)
i=1
n
∑–
(xi –x)2
n–1
FIGURE 3.5 Equations used to calculate (a) the mean and (b) standard deviation from measurements sam-
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(a) (b)(c)
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(a) (b)
(c)
(d)(e)
(f)
FIGURE 3.7 Some minimum dimensions. (a) The height of a doorway must be no lower than the stature of a
tall man (plus an allowance for clothing and shoes), (b) the width of a chair must be no narrower than the hip
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(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
FIGURE 3.8 Some maximum allowable dimensions. (a) A door lock must be no higher than the maximum
vertical reach of a small person. (b) Seat heights and (c) depths must not exceed the popliteal height and but-
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(a) (b)
FIGURE 3.9 Computerized anthropometry: (a) JACK (From JACK is a registered trademark of the
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(a) (b)
(c)
FIGURE 3.10 Digital human modeling in a virtual environment in the design of an emergency recovery
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0.129
0.259
0.52
0.720
0.530
0.285
0.039
0.152
Foot
length
0.056
Foot
breadth
0.186
0.13
0.146 0.108
0.174
0.936
H
0.870
0.818
0.630
0.485
0.377
0.191
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ZCR radius
HD
(a)
(c)
(b)
(r)
ZCR
r
r
r
d
d
d
ZCR
FIGURE 3.12 The radius of the ZCR can be calculated using Pythagoras’ theorem. If the reach ngertip or
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Arc of rotation
of upper limb
outer limit for
frequently used controls
Shoulder height
Generally
preferred
heights for
controls
For controls
Preferred
heights
for working
surfaces
Fingertip heigh
t
Lowermost limit
Elbow height
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FIGURE 3.14 Understand the context of use. Escape hatches are used in emergencies when people are wear-
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FIGURE 3.15 Specication of the minimum dimensions of a bunk space. Length—99th percentile stature
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U-shaped kitchen, 6.2 m2
1, 2, 5, 6 = places where things are put down,
T
wo-sided kitchen, 7 m2
1, 5, 7 = places where things are put down,
77
1
14
4
13 13 19
6
14 14
15 15
16
2
16
3
3
5
5
FIGURE 3.16 Link analysis of a user’s movements when working in two alternative kitchen layouts.
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(a) (b)
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