TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
9 Film Processing
CHAPTER LESSON PLANS & OBJECTIVES
Lesson 9.1: Film Processing and Solutions
1. Define the key terms associated with processing of dental x-ray film.
2. Briefly describe how a latent image becomes a visible image.
3. Discuss the advantages of automatic film processing.
Lesson 9.2: Processing Problems and Maintenance
11. Identify the parts of the processing tank: insert tanks, master tank, and lid.
12. Identify the equipment accessories needed for manual film processing.
13. List the procedural steps for manual film processing.
14. Describe the care and maintenance of the processing solutions, equipment, and equipment
accessories used in manual film processing.
CHAPTER TEACHING FOCUS
• Students will have the opportunity to learn about topics related to film processing procedures, problems,
and solutions.
Chapter 9: Film Processing 2
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
CHAPTER PRETEST
Have the students answer these questions prior to covering this chapter to understand where they stand
in relation to the content.
1) Reticulation means the film appears:
a) as thin, black branching lines.
b) to have white spots. c) cracked.
d) to have dark spots.
2) What refers to a series of steps that produce a visible permanent image on a dental radiograph?
a) Latent imaging
b) Selective reduction c) X-ray
d) Film processing
e) Film processing 3) Overdeveloped films may result from:
a) low developer temperature.
b) inadequate developer solution. c) depleted or contaminated developer
solution.
d) overconcentrated developer solution.
4) The major advantage of automatic film processing versus manual film processing is:
a) the quality of the radiograph is better.
b) it saves time. c) there are fewer chemicals.
d) it is safer.
5) The image on the film before it is processed is the:
a) density.
b) latent image. c) contrast.
d) mirror image.
6) The temperature of the darkroom must be controlled to prevent film damage. What is the
recommended room temperature?
a) 70° F
b) 50° F c) 60° F
d) 80° F
7) What low-intensity light is composed of long wavelengths in the red-orange spectrum?
a) X-ray
b) Safelight c) Intensifying screen
d) Filter
8) The master and insert tanks must be cleaned:
a) yearly.
b) daily. c) once every 6 months.
d) each time the solutions are changed.
9) Exhausted fixer produces a radiograph:
Chapter 9: Film Processing 3
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
CHAPTER PRETEST ANSWERS
1) c
Reticulation means the film appears cracked.
p. 94, Table 9-4
6) a
A room temperature of 70° F is recommended; if the room temperature exceeds 90° F,
film fogging results.
p. 92
Chapter 9: Film Processing 4
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Classroom Preparation
Lesson 9.1: Film Processing and Solutions
INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION
Textbook Objectives Covered
1. Define the key terms associated with processing of dental x-ray film.
2. Briefly describe how a latent image becomes a visible image.
3. Discuss the advantages of automatic film processing.
National Standards Covered
ABHES DAI (Dental Assisting I – Basic)
• Section A: Curriculum, Competencies, Externship and/or Internal Clinical Experience:
• Dental Sciences: Radiography of the Oral Cavity. Courses in radiography are designed to integrate
ABHES DAII (Dental Assisting II – Advanced)
• Section A: Curriculum, Competencies, Externship and/or Internal Clinical Experience:
• Clinical equipment function and maintenance: Operate dental equipment according to
manufacturer’s guidelines and institutional policy. (4.b)
CODA Standards for Dental Assisting Programs
• Standard 2: Educational Program:
• The curriculum must include content at the in-depth level in dental radiology. Students must
CODA Standards for Dental Hygiene Programs
• Standard 2: Educational Program:
Chapter 9: Film Processing 5
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Lesson Preparation Checklist
• Prepare lecture from TEACH lecture slides available on Evolve.
Materials and Supplies
• computer
Chapter 9: Film Processing 6
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Classroom Preparation
Lesson 9.1: Film Processing and Solutions
STUDENT PREPARATION (6 hrs)
1
• Basic Terminology Crossword Puzzle, questions 1–15 (pp. 65-66)
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions: Matching questions 19-28 (p. 102)
READ – Textbook (pp. 82-100)
ANSWER – Workbook Module 2: Equipment, Film, Processing Basics
5
READ – Textbook (pp. 84–85)
ANSWER – Workbook Module 2: Equipment, Film, Processing Basics
• Identification and Labeling: Automatic Processor, questions 1-10 (p. 67)
6
READ – Textbook (pp. 84–85)
• Procedure 9-1: Automatic Film Processing (p. 85)
7
READ – Textbook (pp. 85–86)
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice questions 13-17 (p. 102)
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice questions 1-3 (p. 101)
Chapter 9: Film Processing 7
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
50-Minute Lesson Plan
Lesson 9.1: Film Processing and Solutions
LECTURE OUTLINE (30 min)
1
&
2
LATENT IMAGE: SLIDES 4-11 (pp. 82–100)
• Define terms related to the processing of x-ray films.
• Explain the process by which a latent image becomes visible.
3
AUTOMATIC PROCESSING: SLIDE 12 (p. 84)
• Discuss why automatic processing of film is advantageous.
4
5
AUTOMATIC PROCESSORS: SLIDES 13-16 (pp. 84-85)
• Discuss the different parts of automatic film processors.
• Explain the mechanism of automatic film processing.
6
PROCEDURE: SLIDES 17-18 (pp. 84-85)
• List and explain the steps involved in automatic film processing.
9
LEARNING ACTIVITIES (choose one or more to equal 20 min)
1
REVIEW (10 min)
• Go around the room and have each student use one of the key terms in a clinically relevant
sentence in order to define the term. Continue until all terms have been used; if students
become stuck, have the rest of the class offer suggestions.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
offer critical feedback to at least two other students.
• Appropriate Setting: Online
2
CREATE (20 min)
• Divide the class into small groups, and have each group draw a diagram showing how the
3
DISCUSS (10 min)
• Have students write some advantages of automatic film processing on the board. After the list
is complete, discuss each advantage as a class.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
• Show a YouTube video about the individual parts of automatic film processors. After the video
is over, have students explain the function(s) of each component.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
mechanism is important.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
Chapter 9: Film Processing 8
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
LEARNING ACTIVITIES (choose one or more to equal 20 min) (Continued)
6
REVIEW (10 min)
• Have students write lists of the steps involved in the automatic film process. Review this
exercise with the class.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
John tell Elizabeth?
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
8
CREATE (20 min)
• Divide the class into small groups. Have each group draw a diagram illustrating the five steps
of film processing. Have the students share their diagrams with the class. The students need
to include what happens in each step in their presentation.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
• Lead a class discussion regarding the components of the fixer solution. Discuss what process
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION
A new radiographer has just been hired and has been instructed to help the dental radiographer
prepare a set of x-rays on two new patients. The dental radiographer decides to take the x–rays
herself and instructs the new radiographer to develop the first set of x-rays while the dental
radiographer continues with the second patient. After developing the x–rays, the new
radiographer presents the x-rays to the dental radiographer. The x-rays have yellow-brown stains
and are unreadable. How should this situation be handled? Should the x-rays be retaken?
Discussion Guidelines: Retaking x-rays should always be last resort. If x-rays are ever a yellow-brown
Chapter 9: Film Processing 9
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Classroom Preparation
Lesson 9.2: Processing Problems and Maintenance
INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION
Textbook Objectives Covered
11. Identify the parts of the processing tank: insert tanks, master tank, and lid.
12. Identify the equipment accessories needed for manual film processing.
13. List the procedural steps for manual film processing.
14. Describe the care and maintenance of the processing solutions, equipment, and equipment
accessories used in manual film processing.
National Standards Covered
ABHES DAI (Dental Assisting I – Basic)
• Section A: Curriculum, Competencies, Externship and/or Internal Clinical Experience:
• Dental Sciences: Radiography of the Oral Cavity. Courses in radiography are designed to integrate
ABHES DAII (Dental Assisting II – Advanced)
• Section A: Curriculum, Competencies, Externship and/or Internal Clinical Experience:
• Clinical equipment function and maintenance: Operate dental equipment according to
CODA Standards for Dental Assisting Programs
• Standard 2: Educational Program:
• 2-16: The curriculum must include content at the in-depth level in dental radiology. Students must
CODA Standards for Dental Hygiene Programs
• Standard 2: Educational Program: Curriculum content: Dental sciences content must include tooth
Chapter 9: Film Processing 10
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Lesson Preparation Checklist
• Prepare lecture from TEACH lecture slides available on Evolve.
Materials and Supplies
• computer
Chapter 9: Film Processing 11
TEACH Lesson Plan
Classroom Preparation
Lesson 9.2: Processing Problems and Maintenance
STUDENT PREPARATION (9 hrs)
11
READ – Textbook (pp. 87–88)
12
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice, question 11 (p. 101)
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice, question 12 (p. 101)
APPLY – Workbook Module 2: Equipment, Film, Processing Basics
• Critical Thinking Question 4 (p. 78)
READ – Textbook (pp. 88-89)
14
READ – Textbook (pp. 89–91)
• Procedure 9-3: Cleaning the Processing Tank (p. 91)
15
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice, question 6 (p. 101)
• Identification and Labeling: Safelighting, questions 1, 2 (p. 68)
17
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice, question 10 (p. 101)
READ – Textbook (pp. 90-91)
ANSWER – Textbook
18
READ – Textbook (p. 92)
19
READ – Textbook (pp. 92–93)
• Procedure 9-4: Film Duplication (p. 93)
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions: Fill in the Blank, questions 29, 30 (p. 102)
Chapter 9: Film Processing 12
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
STUDENT PREPARATION (6 hrs) (Continued)
21
READ – Textbook (pp. 94-97)
ANSWER – Textbook
22
READ – Textbook (pp. 95–100)
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions:
• Fill in the Blank, questions 41-45 (pp. 102-103)
• True/False, questions 48, 49 (p. 103)
ANSWER – Workbook Module 2: Equipment, Film, Processing Basics
• Multiple Choice, Short Answer, and Identification: Film Handling Problems, questions 12-19
(pp. 70-71)
23
READ – Textbook (pp. 96–101)
Chapter 9: Film Processing 13
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
50-Minute Lesson Plan
Lesson 9.2: Processing Problems and Maintenance
LECTURE OUTLINE (30 min)
11
PROCESSING TANK: SLIDES 36-38 (pp. 87-88)
• Discuss the components of the processing tank.
12
13
PROCEDURE STEPS: SLIDES 40-43 (pp. 89-90)
• Discuss the procedure for manually processing film.
accessories used in manual film processing.
15
&
16
DARKROOM LIGHTING: SLIDES 50-55 (pp. 90-92)
• Discuss the primary function of the darkroom, as well as the location and size requirements
necessary for the darkroom.
• Discuss room lighting and safelighting.
18
WASTE MANAGEMENT: SLIDE 57 (p. 92)
• Discuss proper waste disposal techniques of materials used in a darkroom.
completing the duplication.
contamination errors, film handling errors, and lighting errors.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES (choose one or more to equal 20 min)
11
REVIEW (10 min)
• Show a YouTube video on the individual parts of processing tanks. After the video is over,
have students explain the function(s) of each component.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
DISCUSS (10 min)
• Divide the class into small groups. Have each group explain how and when processing
13
CREATE (20 min)
• Divide the class into small groups. Have each group come up with a song, rap, or rhyme to
help remember the procedure steps for manually processing a film. Have the students present
their information to the class.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
POST & COMMENT (10 min)
• Post the Critical Thinking Question for this lesson on the Evolve discussion board. Students
Chapter 9: Film Processing 14
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
LEARNING ACTIVITIES (choose one or more to equal 20 min) (Continued)
15–
18
radiograph. Have each student then try and duplicate a radiograph. Give feedback as needed.
CREATE (25 min)
• Divide the class into groups. Have each group design a darkroom for a dental office, outline all
the factors and considerations that should be considered when constructing the darkroom, and
develop a blueprint. Have each group present its design to the class for discussion.
20
DISCUSS (10 min)
• Divide the class into groups. Have each group identify three time or temperature errors that
can occur when processing film and discuss ways the dental radiographer could rectify the
errors without retaking the radiographs. Have each group discuss its findings with the class.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
contamination errors can be avoided. Then have each group share its findings with the class.
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION
A new dental radiographer has recently been hired at your office. The automatic processor in your
office is under repair and the repair company did not issue your office a loaner. During your
morning routine, you are explaining the situation to the new radiographer. At this point, she
informs you that she is unfamiliar with processing dental films manually. What should the dental
radiographer do to handle this situation properly?
Discussion Guidelines: It is the responsibility of the dental radiographer to be familiar with all types of
x-ray equipment. The majority of dental offices have manual processors as a backup in case their
Chapter 9: Film Processing 15
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Assessments
Chapter 9: Film Processing
ASSESSMENTS BY OBJECTIVE
1
Workbook Module 2: Equipment, Film, Processing Basics
• Basic Terminology Crossword Puzzle, questions 1–15 (pp. 65-66)
2
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 1
3
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 43, 47, 48, 51
4
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 20
• Identification and Labeling: Automatic Processor, questions 1-10 (p. 67)
6
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 11, 34, 44
7
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 12, 14, 45
8
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 2
9
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 15, 17-19, 21, 22, 25
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 24
11
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 31–33
12
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 35–37
13
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 16
Workbook Module 2: Equipment, Film, Processing Basics
• Critical Thinking Question 4 (p. 78)
14
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 13, 23, 38–42
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 27–29
Workbook Module 2: Equipment, Film, Processing Basics
• Identification and Labeling: Safelighting, questions 1, 2 (p. 68)
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 46
Chapter 9: Film Processing 16
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
ASSESSMENTS BY OBJECTIVE (Continued)
21
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 6
Workbook Module 2: Equipment, Film, Processing Basics
• Multiple Choice, Short Answer, and Identification: Chemical Contamination Problems,
questions 8-11 (p. 69)
• Critical Thinking Questions 3, 5 (p. 78)
Chapter 9: Film Processing 17
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Simulation
Chapter 9: Film Processing
SIMULATION BY OBJECTIVE
Manual Processing (25 min)
14
Equipment Needed
• film hangers
PRACTICE
• Demonstrate to the class how to properly process a dental x-ray film using the manual