2 Radiation Physics
CHAPTER LESSON PLANS & OBJECTIVES
Lesson 2.1: Atoms, Ionization, and Radiation
1. Define the key terms associated with radiation physics.
2. Identify the structure of the atom.
Lesson 2.2: Dental X-Rays
7. List the properties of x-radiation.
8. Identify the component parts of the x-ray machine.
CHAPTER TEACHING FOCUS
• Students will have the opportunity to learn how x-rays are produced.
• Students will have the opportunity to learn about the fundamental concepts of atomic and molecular
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 2
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
CHAPTER PRETEST
Have the students answer these questions prior to covering this chapter to understand where they stand
in relation to the content.
1) What type of electrical charge does the proton carry?
a) No charge
b) Positive charge c) Negative charge
d) Positive and negative charge
2) What is an atom that gains or loses an electron and becomes electrically unbalanced?
a) Molecule
b) Proton c) Neutron
d) Ion
3) What is the emission and propagation of energy through space or a substance in the form of waves
or particles?
a) Radiation
b) Ionization c) Radioactivity
d) Electron volts
4) What can be defined as the process by which certain unstable atoms or elements undergo
spontaneous disintegration, or decay, in an effort to attain a more balanced nuclear state?
a) Radiation
b) Ionization c) Radioactivity
d) Kilo electron volts
5) What can be defined as radiation that is capable of producing ions by removing or adding an electron
to an atom?
a) Radiation
b) Radioactivity c) Ion pair
d) Ionizing radiation
8) What is the measurement of the number of electrons moving through a conductor?
a) Amperage
b) Kilovoltage c) Kinetic energy
d) Thermionic emission
9) What is the measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from a negative pole
to a positive one?
a) Amperage
b) Voltage c) Kinetic energy
d) Thermionic emission
10) Which term refers to the penetrating x-ray beam that is produced at the target of the anode and that
exits the tubehead?
a) Scatter radiation
b) Primary beam c) Secondary beam
d) Characteristic radiation
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 3
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
CHAPTER PRETEST ANSWERS
1) b
Protons carry positive electrical changes.
p. 8
6) c
The control panel of the dental x-ray machine contains an on-off switch and indicator light, an
exposure button and indicator light, and control devices (time, kilovoltage, and milliamperage
selectors) to regulate the x-ray beam.
p. 12
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 4
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Classroom Preparation
Lesson 2.1: Atoms, Ionization, and Radiation
INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION
Textbook Objectives Covered
1. Define the key terms associated with radiation physics.
2. Identify the structure of the atom.
National Standards Covered
CODA Standards for Dental Hygiene Programs
• Standard 2: Educational Program:
Lesson Preparation Checklist
• Prepare lecture from TEACH lecture slides available on Evolve.
Materials and Supplies
• computer
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 5
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Classroom Preparation
Lesson 2.1: Atoms, Ionization, and Radiation
STUDENT PREPARATION (4 hrs)
1
READ – Textbook (pp. 8-19)
ANSWER – Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
• Basic Terminology Crossword Puzzle, questions 1–12 (p. 9)
2
READ – Textbook (pp. 8-10)
4
READ – Textbook (p. 10)
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice, question 5 (p. 20)
5
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice, question 6 (p. 20)
READ – Textbook (pp. 10–11)
ANSWER – Textbook
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 6
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
50-Minute Lesson Plan
Lesson 2.1: Atoms, Ionization, and Radiation
LECTURE OUTLINE (20 min)
1
&
2
ATOMS: SLIDES 3-11 (pp. 8-19)
• Define terms related to radiation physics.
• Describe the structure of atoms.
3
IONIZATION: SLIDES 12-14 (p. 10)
LEARNING ACTIVITIES (choose one or more to equal 30 min)
1
CREATE (20 min)
• Have each student create index cards for all key terms. These should have a key term on one
side and the definition and sentence using the key term correctly on the other. Pronounce a
key term for the class and have the students share their cards for that term with each other so
they can compare their sentences. Repeat the drill until all key terms have been thoroughly
reviewed.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
label them K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q. Explain why K has the strongest binding energy and why Q
has the weakest binding energy.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
4
REVIEW (10 min)
• Ask the students to compare and contrast the differences between radiation and radioactivity.
Have the students give examples of each. On the board draw a two-column chart to record the
student’s findings.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
should post their answers and conduct an online discussion in comments. Each student should
offer critical feedback to at least two other students.
• Appropriate Setting: Online
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 7
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION
A 35-year-old man who smokes comes to your office for a new patient examination. The patient
reports not having been to the dentist since he was about 10 years old. He claims to brush his
teeth one time per day but does not floss his teeth because they bleed when he flosses. He
complains that a few of his teeth have recently become increasingly sensitive. After a
comprehensive examination, the dentist orders a full mouth series of radiographs in order to
properly diagnose and treat the patient. While you are preparing the necessary films and holders,
the patient asks you why you have to take so many radiographs. What are some of the reasons
you can give him?
Discussion Guidelines: Because this patient has not been to the dentist in years, a baseline series of
radiographs is important for many reasons. Radiographs are crucial for accurate diagnosis: without them
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 8
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Classroom Preparation
Lesson 2.2: Dental X-Rays
INSTRUCTOR PREPARATION
Textbook Objectives Covered
7. List the properties of x-radiation.
8. Identify the component parts of the x-ray machine.
National Standards Covered
ABHES DAI (Dental Assisting I – Basic)
• Section A: Curriculum, Competencies, Externship and/or Internal Clinical Experience:
• Dental Sciences: Radiography of the Oral Cavity. Courses in radiography are designed to integrate
ABHES DAII (Dental Assisting II – Advanced)
• Section A: Curriculum, Competencies, Externship and/or Internal Clinical Experience:
• Dental Sciences: Radiography of the Oral Cavity. Courses in radiography are designed to integrate
Lesson Preparation Checklist
• Prepare lecture from TEACH lecture slides available on Evolve.
• Assemble materials and supplies needed for each lesson as indicated below.
Materials and Supplies
• computer
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 9
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Classroom Preparation
Lesson 2.2: Dental X-Rays
STUDENT PREPARATION (6 hrs)
7
READ – Textbook (p. 12)
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice questions 9, 10 (p. 20)
ANSWER – Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
• Multiple Choice: Property of X-Rays, questions 1-13 (p. 13)
• Identification and Labeling: Dental X-Ray Machine, questions 1-3 (p. 10)
• Identification and Labeling: Dental X-Ray Tubehead, questions 1-11 (p. 11)
10
• Short Answer: Production of Dental X-Rays, questions 1, 2 (p. 12)
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions: Multiple Choice questions 41-44 (pp. 22-23)
• Critical Thinking Questions 7, 8 (p. 30)
• Review Questions – Self-Study Examination
READ – Textbook (pp. 16–17)
ANSWER – Textbook
• Quiz Questions:
• Multiple Choice, questions 31-38 (p. 21)
• Identification, questions 39-40 (p. 21)
ANSWER – Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 10
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
50-Minute Lesson Plan
Lesson 2.2: Dental X-Rays
LECTURE OUTLINE (30 min)
7
X-RADIATION: SLIDE 25 (p. 12)
• Define radiation and how x–rays are created.
8
X-RAY MACHINE: SLIDES 26-28 (pp. 12-14)
• Describe the control panel and extension arm of an x-ray machine.
• Explain the differences between anodes and cathodes.
• Discuss the types of x-rays that can be made using the machine.
INTERACTIONS: SLIDES 54-58 (pp. 17-20)
LEARNING ACTIVITIES (choose one or more to equal 20 min)
7
DISCUSS (10 min)
• Lead a class discussion regarding the properties of x-rays. Discuss why it is important for the
dental radiographer to be familiar with the properties of x-rays.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
should post their answers and conduct an online discussion in comments. Each student should
offer critical feedback to at least two other students.
• Appropriate Setting: Online
10
REVIEW (10 min)
• Divide the class in half, and provide each group with a set of cards. Have each group attempt
to place the cards in order of occurrence. Have the groups present their results to the class for
further discussion.
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
• Appropriate Settings: Traditional classroom, flipped classroom
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 11
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
CRITICAL THINKING QUESTION
Your office has just reopened after a week off for equipment repairs, the installation of some new
dental chairs, and a thorough spring cleaning. You have been asked to retake a radiograph that
you just took on a patient because the dentist states that, although you captured the correct
tooth, it is nondiagnostic quality: the film is blurry and far too light. What are some of the
variables that you can check in order to ensure that the second exposure is of diagnostic quality?
Discussion Guidelines: Because the office has just undergone renovations and numerous workers who
may not be familiar with the radiology equipment have been in the office, it may be necessary to check
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics 12
TEACH Lesson Plan
IANNUCCI AND HOWERTON: Dental Radiography: Principles and Techniques, 5th Edition
Assessments
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics
ASSESSMENTS BY OBJECTIVE
1
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 1
Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
• Basic Terminology Crossword Puzzle, questions 1–12 (p. 9)
2
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 2-6
3
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 7, 8, 11
4
Evolve Instructor Resources
5
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, question 12
6
Evolve Instructor Resources
7
Evolve Instructor Resources
Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
• Multiple Choice: Property of X-Rays, questions 1-13 (p. 13)
Evolve Instructor Resources
8
Evolve Instructor Resources
• Test Bank: Multiple Choice, questions 18-21, 23, 24
Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
• Identification and Labeling: Dental X-Ray Machine, questions 1-3 (p. 10)
9
Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
• Identification and Labeling: Dental X-Ray Tubehead, questions 1, 2 (p. 10)
• Identification and Labeling: Dental X-Ray Tube, questions 1-10 (p. 11)
• Identification and Labeling: Dental X-Ray Tubehead, questions 1-11 (p. 11)
Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
• Short Answer: Production of Dental X-Rays, questions 1, 2 (p. 12)
Evolve Instructor Resources
Workbook Module 1: Radiation Basics
• Critical Thinking Questions 7, 8 (p. 30)