Counseling Chapter 6 Homework Today The Public Health Service Part The Department Ofhealth And Human Services

PART THREE

THE PRACTICE OF HUMAN SERVICES

CHAPTER 6

MODELS OF SERVICE DELIVERY

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After reading this chapter, students will be able to:

6-1 Identify the characteristics of the medical model.

6-2 Trace the history of the model.

6-3 Illustrate the use of the medical model with a case study.

6-4 Identify the characteristics of the public health model.

6-5 Trace the history of the model.

6-6 Illustrate the use of the public health model with a case study.

6-7 Identify the characteristics of the human service model.

6-8 Trace the history of the model.

6-9 Illustrate the use of the human service model with a case study.

CHAPTER OUTLINE

1. Mental disorders are diseases or illnesses that impair function.

2. “Patient” receives treatment from a physician in a hospital/clinic/office.

3. System involving: symptom—diagnosis—treatment—cure

4. Adopted by Department of Corrections

B. History

1. Psychiatry emerged as a discipline at end of 18th century.

2. Pinel stressed clinical diagnosis and appropriate medical treatment.

3. Freud developed the psychoanalytic method.

4. Abuse of electroshock therapy in 1960s led to popularity of

psychotropic medications.

5. Psychopharmacology studies:

a. Effects of drugs on biology and psychology of patients

6. Psychiatric drugs one of most-used treatments for mental disorders

a. Antipsychotic drugs

b. Antidepressants

5. Challenges of the medical model:

a. Symptom—diagnosis—treatment—cure process leads to cure or

6. Helpers should be familiar with psychiatric medications for client

education.

C. Case study—Susan’s visit to Dr. Gupta to seek opioid prescription drugs

1. Resembles medical model in diagnosis and treatment process

2. Differs from medical model in its focus on groups (identified by

geography, types of problems, or specific characteristics)

3. Mental disorders are malfunctions created by environment or society.

4. Bridges the medical and human service model

5. Public health includes improving education, nutrition, safe food, water

6. Uses multicausal approach to study cases

7. Emphasizes prevention

1. Focuses on community health problems (poor nutrition, overcrowding)

2. In 1850, Lemuel Shattuck declared need for improved sanitation and

3. U.S. Sanitary Commission first major public health group

4. Public Health Service, part of Department of Health and Human

Services, focuses on communicable and chronic diseases, social issues,

5. Healthy People Initiative is a national effort to provide a vision for the

health of all Americans and is reformulated each decade.

C. Case study—The Centers for Disease Control and the Office of the Surgeon

1. Stresses need for balance between individual and environment

2. Provides services that help individuals solve own problems

3. Clients may be individuals, families, neighborhoods, communities,

4. Primary method of treatment is problem solving.

a. Problem identification (critical step)

5. Benefits of problem-solving approach:

a. Systematic thinking about complex situations

b. Process effectiveness can be assessed at each stage

1. People expect society to help provide for their basic needs.

2. Society, through government, has responsibility for providing people

3. Resulted from community health movement/deinstitutionalization

4. President Carter publicized America’s lack of mental health care.

5. Human service delivery characteristics:

a. Generic focus

b. Service system is accessible, comprehensive, coordinated

c. Problem-solving approach

d. Consideration of the person within his/her environment

e. Treating the whole person

accordingly, the patient’s problems respond to medical interventions from a physician in

a hospital, clinic, or medical office. The model involves a system summarized as:

symptoms—diagnosis—treatment—cure.

Psychiatry emerged as a discipline in the medical model when Philipe Pinel

became head of a hospital and mental institution in France. He removed chains from the

mentally ill and treated them as patients with medical problems. Further developing the

but differs in that it focuses on groups of people. This model assumes that mental

disorders are malfunctions created by the environment or by society. Its major goal is the

prevention of illness, which is achieved by improving education, nutrition, safe food,

water supplies, immunization maternal/child health, and poverty.

During the colonial period in North America, laws like the Massachusetts Poor

Law of 1692 gave local authorities the power to remove and isolate those afflicted with

prevention and public health. Today, the Public Health Service, part of the Department of

which stresses the need for balance between the individual and the environment. The

model’s primary purpose is to help individuals solve their own problems. Clients of

helpers using this model can be individuals, families, neighborhoods, communities, and

special populations. The primary method of treatment is problem solving with a

strengths-based approach.

The philosophy of human services solidified during the 1940s and was based

1. To introduce the medical model of service delivery, trace its historical

development, and identify how it can be used in service delivery today.

2. To introduce the public health model of service delivery, trace its historical

3. To introduce the human service model of service delivery, trace its historical

development, understand its philosophy, and identify how it can be used in

1. Begin a discussion with your students about the medical model, a model with which

they have had some experience. Outlining the medical model can provide a lead into a

discussion of the other two models. Use this scenario to begin your discussion:

2. Help students consider their personal experiences with one or more of the three

models. Ask students to think about the last time they went for help to one of the

following offices and to describe their experiences: physician, public health department,

3. Before discussing the three models, ask students to read the following case study and

list the services this family needs.

Violet was a student in human services. She enrolled in school as a single mom

with three children, ages 3, 12, and 15. Violet had served in the military for three

years and was receiving funding from the Armed Services. She still struggled to

provide for herself and her family while she was in school. Her eldest girl needed

4. Interview three human service professionals. Ask the following questions:

a. How do you define human service problems?

b. Who is the recipient of services?

c. Who is the professional?

d. Where does treatment occur?

e. What is the method of treatment?

f. What is the goal of treatment?

Review the responses you received during the interview. Do these professionals “fit” into

5. Review the three models of service delivery and apply the models to the problem of

teenage pregnancy (or any relevant current social issue). Use Table 6-3 as a guide.

Introduce the problem of teenage pregnancy (or some other social problem) by

researching and presenting facts like these:

▪ The rate of teenage pregnancy in this country is ___________.

▪ The most serious issue facing pregnant teens is ____________.

1. Discuss the impact of psychiatric medications on the treatment of mental illness.

2. Describe the challenges today for professionals who use the medical model.

3. Distinguish between the medical model and the public health model.

4. Describe the importance of the public health model’s multicausal approach.

5. Discuss the contributions of the public health service since the early 1800s.

6. Explain the purpose and role of the Healthy People Initiative.

7. List the characteristics or themes of the human service model.

8. Apply the strengths-based approach of the problem-solving process to a problem

9. Compare and contrast the three service delivery models by examining a view of

the problem, the recipient of services, the worker, the goals, and the treatment.

10. Create a problem situation that requires the services of all three models of service

delivery.

MINDTAP VIDEO IN-CLASS DISCUSSION

1. According to Dr. Farr, why does the human service professional need

to know about pharmacology?

2. What is the role of drugs in our culture and in the human service

profession?

3. Relate Dr. Farr’s presentation to the three models of service delivery.

KEY TERMS

Antianxiety drugs: Psychotropic medications prescribed to relieve anxiety, fear, or

tension.

Antidepressant drugs: Psychotropic medications that relieve depression.

Antipsychotic drugs: Psychotropic medications that are effective in managing psychotic

Generic focus: General helping knowledge and skills to serve individuals with a variety

Neurosis: A disorder of the mind or emotions.

Prevention: A component of the public health model to improve the present and future

quality of life and to alleviate health problems.

Problem solving: An approach to solving problems and coping with challenges that

focuses on the present.

Psychiatric drugs: Are among the most widely used for treatments for mental disorders.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

1. Name the three models of service delivery.

2. What is the orientation of the medical model for mental health service delivery?

3. Compare the treatment of mental illness in the medical model, the public health

model, and the human service model.

4. How was the medical model used in social casework?

5. How did the development of drug therapy influence the treatment of mental

illness?

6. List and define the major classes of drugs used in the treatment of mental illness.

7. Explain how the treatments Dr. Gupta provided Susan fit the medical model.

8. What are the characteristics of the public health model?

9. How do public health professionals view disease?

10. What was the first public health effort in America?

11. Why did prevention become a part of the public health model?

12. What actions has the CDC taken to provide education and intervention regarding

prescription opioid pain relievers?

13. What actions has the Office of the Surgeon General taken to provide education

and intervention regarding prescription opioid pain relievers?

14. How does the Remote Area Medical Volunteer Corps illustrate the public health

model of service delivery?

15. What is the primary focus of the human service model?

16. Define “clients” or “consumers” according to the human service model.

17. Explain the benefits of the problem-solving approach.

18. List the philosophical principles of the human service model.

19. What key factors contributed to the development of the human service model?

20. List the characteristics and themes of the model.

The following questions will help students in their review of the chapter.

1. Outline the differences between the medical model, the public health model, and

the human service model. What principles of the medical model and/or the public

health model are present in the human service model?

2. If you as a human service professional were working with Susan, how would you

use the principles of the human service model to meet her needs?

3. In your opinion, what are the two most important characteristics of the human

service model? Defend your answer.

The following exercises allow students to apply what they have learned from the

1. Make a list of problems you know that are currently receiving the attention of the

helping professions. Choose one of those problems and discuss how each model

might approach the problem. What seems to be the strengths and the weaknesses

of each model in addressing the problem you chose?

2. Interview three fellow students. Ask them to describe their experiences as a

“patient” and as a “client.” What are the differences they have experienced? What

are the advantages and disadvantages of being a “patient” or a “client”?

3. Criticisms of the antianxiety drugs include a belief that these drugs mask

symptoms so that individuals avoid dealing with the problems themselves. What

then are the advantages of these drugs?

LO/STANDARD CORRELATION TABLE