Counseling Chapter 4 Homework Law Enforcement Applies Situations Which The Law

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CHAPTER 4

POLICE

Learning Objectives

2. Name the main types of law enforcement agencies.

4.

6. Describe the organization of the police.

7. Identify influences on police policy and styles of policing.

Lesson Plan

Correlated to PowerPoints

I. The development of police in the United States

Learning Objective 1: Describe how policing evolved in the United States.

A. English roots of the American police

Roots of American policing lie in the English legal tradition

Three major aspects evolved from that tradition:

2. Local control

3. Fragmented organization

The frankpledge system of old English law was first designed to bring structure and

enforcement of order to society

Sir Robert Peel created the first police department in London in 1829

B. Policing in the United States

The watchman system was utilized in many colonies prior to the American

Revolution

American policing is described in terms of three historical periods:

1. The colonial era and the early republic

2. The political era

3. The professional era

a. The force should stay out of politics.

PPT 4

PPT 5-6

c. Laws should be enforced equally.

4. The community policing era

a. Increasing the number of patrol officers in a neighborhood had little

effect on the crime rate.

Class Discussion/Activity

Break the class into four groups, each representing a different policing era

(include post-9/11 as fourth era.) Have each group in class develop

reasons why their era is the best, and then have each group discuss their

results.

students should present t

heir material to the class.

C. Homeland Security as the next era of policing

The events of 9/11 made homeland security and antiterrorism among the highest

Class Discussion/Activity

In the wake of the 9/11 attacks, police agencies at the local, state and

federal levels began to work more collaboratively than before. It is

believed this fusion will provide a more coherent and effective effort at

preventing future attacks. What are the advantages and potential dangers

of this fusion? How far should it go? What are the tradeoffs in your

decision?

Media Tool

PPT 9-

11, 12

C. Homeland Security as the next era of policing

PPT 13

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II. Law enforcement agencies

Learning Objective 2: Name the main types of law enforcement agencies

A. The United States has a federal system of government with separate national and state

structures

Police at all levels are responsible for carrying out four functions:

2. Maintaining order

4. Providing services to the community

B. Federal agencies

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Several other specialized federal law enforcement agencies:

1. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

3. Internal Revenue Service (IRS)

5. National Park Service

Media Tool

C. State agencies

D. County agencies

E. Native American Tribal Police

Native American tribes are sovereign nations with unique powers

See Assignments 2, 5

PPT 14

PPT 15-

19

PPT 21

PPT 22

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What If Scenario

What if there were no Native American Tribal Police? Would law enforcement on

reservations be better or worse as a result?

F. Municipal agencies

The largest percentage of American police officers work in municipal jurisdictions

G. Special Jurisdiction Agencies

III. Who are the police?

Learning Objective 3: Analyze the recruitment of police officers and how they learn their job.

Recruitment

A. Employment standards

All police departments have citizenship, minimum age, and education requirements

Many departments require physical exams

What If Scenario

What if police officers were not required to have a college degree? Ask students to

departments require a four

–

year degree for entry level hiring.

What If Scenario

What if you were thinking about becoming a police officer? What would be your

major challenges and ben

efits of choosing such a career?

B. The changing profile of police

1. Minorities

2. Women

See Assignments 2, 5

PPT 23

PPT 24

PPT 25-

27

PPT 28

PPT 29

37

What If Scenario

What if there were no legal requirements to diversity a police force? Would the

force diversity anyway? Would the police be more or less able to conduct

community policing and other duties? Is diversification and necessity for effective

policing?

3. Training

IV. The police subculture

Learning Objective 4

A. The Working Personality

Begins informally at basic training, but is heavily influenced while on the job

What If Scenario

What if you were charged with reducing police officer stress? How would you

address the various types and sources of police officer stress?

Class Discussion/Activity

Invite a police officer (active or retired) to the class to discuss subculture

issues. Open the discussion up for questions.

Media Tool

Just A Typical Cop?

officer to

determine if they meet the criteria established by the students.

PPT 30

PPT 31

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B. Police morality

C. Police isolation

D. Job stress

Psychologists have identified four kinds of stress that officers face

1. Emotional stress

3. Personal stress

4. Operational stress

V. Police functions

Learning Objective 5: List the functions of the police.

1. Order maintenance – broad mandate to prevent behavior that either disturbs or

threatens to disturb the peace in some way

2. Law enforcement- applies to situations in which the law has been violated and the

VI. Organization of the police

Learning Objective 6: Describe the organization of the police.

Most police agencies follow a military model of organization

Police departments are also bureaucracies

Basic characteristics of police organization:

Class Discussion/Activity

VII. Police Policy

Learning Objective 7: Identify influences on police policy and styles of policing.

A. Three main types of policing styles used in the United States

See Assignments 1, 4

PPT 33-

35

PPT 36

PPT 38

PPT 39

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Class Discussion/Activity

approach it uses. Explain your reasons. Share your observations with the class.

Does town size make a difference in policy? What about crime rate, income and

other factors?

Lecture Notes

American policing has its origins in the Anglo systems of the night watchman, the

frankpledge, and the constable. All of these entities at various times, from the middle ages to the

nineteenth century, held powers of arrest and control over other citizens. These entities were

adopted in the United States, but proved ineffective when widespread riots racked several

American cities in the 1830s. Sir Robert Peel had established the first organized police

Key Terms

chain of command – Organizational structure based on a military model with clear definition of

ranks to indicate authority over subordinates and obligations to obey orders from superiors. (p.

137)

See Assignment 3

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community policing – Approach to policing that emphasizes close personal contact between

police and citizens and the inclusion of citizens in efforts to solve problems, including

vandalism, disorder, youth misbehavior, and crime. (p. 116)

law enforcement – The police function of controlling crime by intervening in situations in which

the law has clearly been violated and the police need to identify and apprehend the guilty person.

(p. 135)

law enforcement certification Preservice training required for sworn officers in many states,

which includes coursework on law, use of weapons, psychology, and police procedures. Police

departments for state and large cities often run training programs called police academies for

their own recruits. (p. 125)

police bureaucracy

operations that seek to achieve efficiency through division of labor, chain of command, and rules

to guide staff. (p. 137)

problem-oriented policing Community policing strategy that emphasizes solving problems of

disorder in a neighborhood that may contribute to fear of crime and to crime itself. (p. 116)

slave patrols Distinctively American form of law enforcement in southern states that sought to

catch and control slaves through patrol groups that stopped and questioned African Americans

on the roads and elsewhere in public places. (p. 112)

socialization – The process by which the rules, symbols, and values of a group or subculture are

learned by its members. (p. 129)

U.S. marshals Federal law enforcement officials appointed to handle duties in western

territories and today bear responsibility for federal court security and apprehending fugitives. (p.

113)

watch system – Practice of assigning individuals to night observation duty to warn the public of

Assignments

1. What would happen if the watchman style was applied to all communities and all aspects of

policing? Would there be impacts on the nature and extent of crime? Would there be impacts on

police-community relations [LO 4]?

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3. What types of services do law enforcement officer perform on a day to day basis? How would

the role of service change depending on the locale of a particular community [LO 7]?

4. Devise a program that would allow officers to deal effectively with stress. What aspects of the

program would be mandatory? How do you encourage officers to participate [LO 4]?