Counseling Chapter 3 Irm Crime Clock Answer Correct You Are Wanting Express The Risk Comparing

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d. crime clock

Question 4

Sharp increases in crime rates that continue over a number of years are known as ___________.

a. crime waves

b. spikes

c. crime crashes

d. victimization rates

What Would You Do?

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Your department implements your hot spot initiative and patrol efforts are shifted to concentrate

on the high crime area in your county. Initially, when the change was first put into action many

community members (as well as some of your command staff) expressed reservations. Six months

after beginning the hot spots program, however, interpersonal violent victimization has seen a 40

percent decrease, and non-violent victimization has dropped 15 percent. You obtain authorization

from your sheriff to hold a press release to discuss the efficacy of the program with local media.

At the conclusion of your successful press release, a local media anchor, Dwayne Nguyen, praises

you for the positive impact the hot spots program has had on the county crime. Nguyen then brings

to your attention that the holiday season is approaching, and that theft increases around/near the

mall located in the city. While the mall is not located in the high crime area where you focused

patrol efforts for your hot spots program, he asks if you plan to reallocate patrol resources to the

mall to attempt to lower thefts during the predicted crime spike.

What would you do?

a. You verify Nguyen’s assertion that theft increases in/around the vicinity of the mall during the months

of November and December. You proceed to contact the Sheriff to request that patrol resources be

reallocated to potentially decrease thefts around the mall for the months when shopping increases. You

base this decision off the proven efficacy of the current hot spot program.

b. You verify Nguyen’s assertion that theft increases in/around the vicinity of the mall during the months

Summary A

You meet with the sheriff to discuss your intentions of starting another short-term alternative hot

spot initiative at and around the mall during the months of November and December. You explain

that you examined and analyzed county data, specifically that which supports that crime spikes

occur in the months of November and December. The sheriff informs you that while she

appreciates your enthusiasm surrounding this new proposed initiative, she does not want to

reallocate any of the resources being used in the current hot spot initiative. The sheriff cites several

factors including the success of the current hot spot program at reducing violent victimization and

her desire to continue to allocate resources towards this program so that it can be assessed for

Summary B

You decide against making any changes to current programming. You meet with the sheriff to

justify your decision. You cite several factors including the current success of the hot spot program

at reducing violent victimization and your desire to continue to allocate resources towards this

program so that you can assess it at a later date. You assure the sheriff that while the crime spikes

at the mall are a concern you do not believe that a reallocation of patrol officers is the best use of

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resources. You inform the sheriff that you will work with several community resource officers and

Chapter 3 Review

1. Statistics are used to get the big picture of crime in the United States in all of the following ways

EXCEPT __________.

a. making systematic observations and measurements on the local level

b. relying on stereotypes and widely held myths to predict who is at highest risk for offending

c. aggregating city and county reports to reveal what crimes have been happening at the state level

d. utilizing a random selection of people nationwide to report on their experiences with offenders during

the past year

2. If we used statistics to establish realistic assessments of threat levels that criminal activities pose to

particular individuals or groups, we would be looking at __________.

a. victimization rates

b. patterns of criminal activities

c. trends of victimization

d. statistical profiles

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c. Incorrect. Trends of victimization can be identified through statistics that are gathered at multiple times.

This allows us to look at how crime situations change over the years. LO1, Bloom’s: Remember

[Victimization across the Nation: The Big Picture]

d. Incorrect. Statistical profiles yield a picture as to what the typical victim or victimization looks like.

Researchers will measure demographic characteristics of victims (for example, sex, race, age, etc.). Then

they will determine which characteristics are most likely to be held by victims of various offenses. LO1,

Bloom’s: Remember [Victimization across the Nation: The Big Picture]

3. Which of the following represents an ineffective way to use crime statistics?

a. Estimating the costs and losses resulting from illegal behaviors

b. Providing estimates of future workloads for law enforcement agencies

c. Evaluating the effectiveness of criminal justice policies

d. Supporting superstitions and long-held myths in a community

4. Special interest groups can use statistics to mislead and deceive their audience in all of the following

ways EXCEPT by __________.

a. presenting results that highlight what they want to focus on and downplaying those areas they don’t

want to focus on

b. wording the research question towards the results they want to see

c. making systematic observations and accurate measurements

d. manipulating what is being measured and how the variables are operationalized

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reflects what is going on in the community. LO2, Bloom’s: Understand [Victimization across the Nation:

The Big Picture]

d. Incorrect. One way to mislead your audience is by stacking the deck in your favor even before the

study starts. By manipulating what is being measured and how the variables are operationalized, you have

biased the study towards a particular set of findings. LO2, Bloom’s: Understand [Victimization across the

Nation: The Big Picture]

5. For which of the following tasks are victimologists least likely to use data?

a. Determining how many people are harmed by crimes each year

b. Establishing trends in victimization over time

c. Gauging the “moral health” of society

d. Constructing a statistical portrait of crime offenders

6. At this time, if you were looking for data on all incidents of crime known to local, county, and state

police departments across the country, you would turn to the __________.

a. Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

b. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

c. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

d. Census Bureau

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d. Incorrect. The Census Bureau is a government agency producing data about the people and economy in

the United States. In 1973, the Census Bureau began conducting the NCVS interviews. LO4, Bloom’s:

Remember [The Two Official Sources of Data]

7. For which of the following would the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) be least useful as a source of data?

a. Number and types of hate crimes reported to police departments across the nation yearly

b. Number of law enforcement officers who were slain in the line of duty each year

c. Annual estimated losses in billions of dollars due to property crimes

d. Number of fires set intentionally each year nationwide

8. Victimologists have been critical of Uniform Crime Report’s (UCR) data. Which of the following,

however, do victimologists recognize to be a strength of UCR data?

a. UCR data underreport the actual number of crimes that occur each year.

b. UCR data include local, county, and state data.

c. UCR data provide information on characteristics of the offender, but not the victim.

d. UCR data lump together attempted with completed crimes.

9. The hierarchy rule of the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) __________.

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a. ranks crimes from the most common to the least common

b. ranks offenders from the most violent to the least violent

c. counts only the most serious offense when multiple crimes were committed

d. counts those offenses where a weapon was utilized

10. The FBI is converting the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) data collection format to a National Incident-

Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Significant changes in the UCR include the following EXCEPT

__________.

a. the abandonment of the hierarchy rule

b. expanded coverage of additional illegal activities

c. making a distinction between attempted and completed criminal acts

d. the collection of victim-oriented data for all criminal offenses

11. In the early years of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), the survey findings revealed

what has been called the “dark figure” of crime. What does this phrase represent?

a. Victimizations that were never reported to the police

b. Criminal incidents that occurred at night

c. The most serious violent offenses

d. Crime incidents that led to the biggest financial losses

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the “dark figure” of crime because they were hidden from law enforcement and official records of crime.

LO6, Bloom’s: Remember [The Two Official Sources of Data]

12. Which of the following is not part of the structure and administration of the National Crime

Victimization Survey (NCVS)?

a. Participants represent a random sample of households across America.

b. Interviews are conducted every six months for a period of three years.

c. Individuals six years of age or older are interviewed.

d. Survey questions include victimizations experienced by the individual and by the household.

13. Critics have identified shortcomings of the data obtained by the National Crime Victimization Survey

(NCVS). However, which of the following represents a strength of the NCVS?

a. Tapping into victimizations the police know nothing about

b. Memory decay

c. Forward telescoping

d. A limited list of offenses addressed in the survey

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enforcement providing valuable information to inform policy aimed at increasing reporting rates. LO6,

Bloom’s: Understand [The Two Official Sources of Data]

b. Incorrect. Memory decay is the problem of respondents forgetting about a victimization incident, thus it

does not get included in the NCVS data. This is typically more problematic for minor offenses that did

not lead to serious injury or large financial losses. LO6, Bloom’s: Understand [The Two Official Sources

of Data]

c. Incorrect. Forward telescoping is the problem when the respondent reports on a victimization that

occurred before the previous six-month time period they are supposed to be reporting on. This is typically

more problematic for serious and traumatic events that stay with the victim, even though it was

committed some time ago. This problem leads to an overcounting of serious victimization incidents in the

NCVS data. LO6, Bloom’s: Understand [The Two Official Sources of Data]

d. Incorrect. Although the NCVS gathers detailed information about the victimization incident, it is able

to do so for only a limited number of crimes. The NCVS focuses on crimes of violence (rape and other

types of sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault) plus simple assault. It also measures two kinds of

thefts from individuals (personal larceny with contact and without direct contact) and three types of

stealing directed at the household (burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft). Identity theft is now

measured, too. LO6, Bloom’s: Understand [The Two Official Sources of Data]

14. Numerous differences make it difficult to directly compare the data from the Uniform Crime Report

(UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). However, which of the following

represents a similarity across the two data sets?

a. The number of years the data have been available

b. The fact that governmental agencies compile the data

c. The definitions used to define the crimes for which data are collected

d. The types of crimes for which data are collected

15. According to the FBI’s Crime Clock, in 2016, one violent crime occurred in the United States every

__________.

a. 27 seconds

b. 27 minutes

c. 2.7 hours

d. 2.7 days

16. According to the FBI’s Crime Clock, in 2016, one property crime occurred in the United States every

__________.

a. 4 seconds

b. 4 minutes

c. 4 hours

d. 4 days

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recognize, however, that crimes are not evenly spaced over time and may happen at higher or lower rates

across the year. LO8, Bloom’s: Remember [The Two Official Sources of Data]

17. In 2016, the NCVS estimates that Americans 12 years of age and over experienced nearly

__________.

a. 60,000 violent victimizations

b. 600,000 violent victimizations

c. 6,000,000 violent victimizations

d. 60,000,000 violent victimizations

18. In 2016, the NCVS estimates that American households experienced nearly __________.

a. 16,000 property victimizations

b. 160,000 property victimizations

c. 1,600,000 property victimizations

d. 16,000,000 property victimizations

19. What were the prevalence rates reported in 2016 by the Bureau of Justice Statistics for violent and

property crime?

a. 1 percent for personal violent crime and 9 percent for household property crime

b. 10 percent for personal violent crime and 20 percent for household property crime

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c. 25 percent for personal violent crime and 12 percent for household property crime

d. 25 percent for personal violent crime and 42 percent for household property crime

20. Which of the following is true when looking at national crime/victimization rates from both the UCR

and the NCVS?

a. Most Americans have been victims of violent offenses.

b. Most Americans have been victims of both violent and property offenses.

c. Americans are more likely to have been victims of violent offenses than of property offenses.

d. Americans are less likely to have been victims of violent offenses than of property offenses.

21. What has been the major trend in violent victimization rates in the United States since the 1990s?

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c. Dramatic lowering of rates

d. Dramatic increase in rates

22. What has been the major trend in property victimization rates in the United States since the 1990s?

a. Slight lowering of rates

b. Slight increase in rates

c. Dramatic lowering of rates

d. Dramatic increase in rates

23. Which of the following historical events is associated with an increase in the homicide rate since

1900?

a. Repeal of Prohibition in 1933

b. Years of World War II from 1939 to 1945

c. Conservative 1950s

d. Social protest movements of the 1960s

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24. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), in 2015, Americans 20 to 24 years of age were

most likely to die from __________.

a. accidents

b. suicide

c. homicide

d. cancer

25. Which statement is false regarding differential risks of victimization?

a. Differential risks refers to estimates of the likelihood members of one group versus another will be

likely to experience a negative life event.

b. Differential risks are impacted by various demographic characteristics such as age, sex, and race.

c. Individuals have widely varying risks of being a target for crimes.

d. The assumption that crimes are evenly distributed across a population.

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