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Chapter Twelve: Community Mental Health:
Program Development, Evaluation, and Management
Chapter Overview
Chapter twelve discusses the significance of the community mental health to the practice
of clinical mental health counseling with special attention paid to program development,
network, human services sector, and volunteer services sector. A brief overview of the various
components such as assessment, mission, goals, and program evaluation are discussed. Program
evaluation involves the general approaches of fidelity, formative, and summative evaluation.
Students also learn more about the process of writing grants. In today’s society, funding is hard
to secure, and grant writing is an important skill to place in a professional tool bag.
servant-leadership approaches.
Learning Objectives
By the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
• Understand the historical context for the shift to deinstitutionalization and list the forces
involved
• Understand and explain the two current models of leadership style
Key Words/Terms
• Deinstitutionalizing-the practice of transferring formerly institutionalized individuals to
sheltered community environments or to homes in the community
• Community mental health-mental health based on the ecological paradigm
• Revolving-door phenomenon- those with mental illness may experience multiple relapses
requiring brief, repeated hospitalizations in the context of their community-based
treatment
• Needs-an existing state in persons or communities that is the result of the difference or
discrepancy between a “what is” condition and the “what should be” condition
and religious-based organizations
• Volunteer services sector-consists of the variety of self-help groups and consumer-based
services/advocacy groups
• Evidence-based practices-specific program models that have established records of
successful outcomes demonstrated through rigorous program evaluation and research
• Management-the process of (a) making a plan to achieve some end, (b) organizing the
people and resources needed to carry out the plan, (c) encouraging the helping workers
who will be asked to perform the component tasks, (d) evaluating the results, and then,
revising plans based on this evaluation
• Transformational leadership-a process of influencing employees toward higher levels of
entrapments of self-servanthood, and becomes personally involved in the “real work” of
organizational tasks while encouraging staff to perform at their highest potential
Lecture Outline for Chapter Eleven
The Changing Face of Community Mental Health
1. Community Mental Health in the United States
1. History
i. Government’s first major move towards mentally ill
ii. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) established
2. Shift in Care
a. Deinstitutionalization-the practice of transferring formerly
institutionalized individuals to sheltered community
environments or to homes in the community
i. Medications
ii. Economic resources no longer support long term, inpatient care for
the mentally ill
iii. Mental health professionals now coming from a variety of
disciplines
3. Scope of Problems and Needs
2. A Model of Mental Health Delivery Systems
1. Mental health service delivery systems
a. Specialty mental health sector
2. Assessment of the Needs and Wants of Service Recipients
a. Needs-an existing state in persons or communities that is
the result of the difference or discrepancy between a “what
3. Program Development- often influenced by nature of funding
sources available
4. Mission
5. Goals. Objectives, and Program Outputs
a. Goals:
i. Attainment of goals represents the fulfillment of the
identified needs of recipients
ii. State in terms that are measurable, realistic,
worthwhile, and adequate
b. Objectives-identify how the specific goals will be attained
c. Program outputs
6. Programs
a. The step-by-step means by which each specified goal is
7. Working Knowledge, Skills, and Resource Supports
8. Environmental Supports: Technology and Facility
9. Program Evaluation
3. Funding Programs Through Grants
1. Process of grant writing
a. Identify needs or develop ideas that become the focal point
i. Cover letter
ii. Executive summary
iii. Statement of the existing problem, need, or description of specific
situation
iv. Working goals and plans
v. Measurable outcomes and impact
vi. Budget
vii. Description of the organization
viii. Supplementary materials
d. Submit Proposal
e. Proposal either accepted or rejected
f. Administer grant according to plan
2. Best to learn under guidance of someone who is experienced
4. Program Supervision, Management, and Leadership
1. Supervision-an interpersonally focused relationship between a
2. Management-the process of (a) making a plan to achieve some
end, (b) organizing the people and resources needed to carry out
3. Leadership
a. Transformational leadership
b. Servant-leadership
References/Resources for Chapter Twelve
Altschuld, J. W., & Witkin, B. R. (2000). From needs assessment to action: Transforming needs into solution strategies.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cooper & T. H. Lentner (Eds.), Innovations in community mental health. Sarasota, FL: Professional Resource Press.
Egan, G., & Cowan, M. A. (1979). People in systems: A model for development in the human-service professions and
education. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Friedman, M. B., Williams, K. A., Kidder, E., & Furst, L. (2013). Meeting the mental health challenges of the elder
boom. In J. Rosenberg & S. J. Rosenberg (Eds.), Community mental health: Challenges for the 21st century (2nd ed;
pp. 109-132). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Grantseeking in Minnesota. (2004, February 25). Writing a successful grant proposal. Retrieved October 31, 2005, from
http://www.mcf.org/mcf/grant/writing.htm
Greenleaf, R. (1991). The servant as leader (rev. ed.). Indianapolis, IN: Robert K. Greenleaf Center.
Heilbrun, K. & Bingham, A. (2013). Innovations in diversion from prosecution of people with mental illness. In J.
Rosenberg & S. J. Rosenberg (Eds.), Community mental health: Challenges for the 21st century (2nd ed; pp. 63-74).
New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Hiday, V. A., & Burns, P. J. (2010). Mental illness and the criminal justice system. In T. L. Scheid & T. N. Brown
(Eds.), A handbook for the study of mental illness: Social contexts, theories, and systems (2nd ed., pp. 478–498).
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grants. Annals of Family Medicine, 3, 281.
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Understanding its organization and delivery (8th ed.; pp. 395-425). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
Milazzo-Sayre, L. J., Henderson, M. J., Manderscheid, R. W., Bokossa, M. C., Evans, C., & Male. A. A. (2001). Persons
treated in specialty mental health care programs, United States, 1997. Retrieved December 30, 2004, from
http://www.mentalhealth.org/publications/allpubs/SMA01-3537?chapter15.asp.
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Spears, L. C., (2005). Caring and servant leadership: Ten characteristics of effective, caring leaders. Journal of Virtues
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and health: Mental health findings, NSDUH Series H-45, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 12-4725. Rockville, MD:
Author.
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