Counseling Chapter 10 Homework What Scenario What You Were Asked Provide

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CHAPTER 10

CORRECTIONS

Learning Objectives

2. Describe the roles that the federal, state, and local governments play in corrections.

4. Explain why the prison population has nearly quadrupled in the past 30 years.

Lesson Plan

Correlated to PowerPoints

I. Development of corrections

Learning Objective 1: Describe how the American system of corrections has

developed. Corrections includes a variety of programs, services, facilities, and

organizations

A. Invention of the penitentiary

Enlightenment

Penitentiary Act of 1779 created an institution based on four principles:

1. A secure and sanitary building

3. Abolition of the fees charged offenders for their food

B. Reform in the United States

1. The Pennsylvania system

Walnut Street Jail

2. The New York system

Auburn penitentiary

3. Prisons in the South and West

Lease system developed in these parts of the U.S.

4. Reformatory movement

PPT 7-8

PPT 9

PPT 10

12

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5. Improving prison conditions for women

Separation of female prisoners from men

6. Rehabilitation model

7. Medical model

8. Community model

9. Crime control model

A return to in the late 1900s to incarceration and strict supervision

Class Discussion/Activity

In the late 1700s, the Enlightenment era brought much attention from the

intellectual community toward the conditions of prisons and the justice

What If Scenario

What if you were a history expert? How would you describe how approaches to

corrections have changes over the years?

II. Organization of corrections in the United States

Learning Objective 2: Describe the roles that the federal, state, and local governments play in

corrections.

A. Federal corrections system

1. Federal Bureau of Prisons

2. Federal Probation and Parole Supervision

B. State corrections systems

1. Community corrections

2. State prison systems for women and men

May include prisons, reformatories, halfway houses, forestry camps, etc.

State institutions for women

C. Private prisons

See Assignments 2, 5

PPT 13

PPT 14-

15

PPT 16

PPT 18-

19

21

PPT 22

26

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Five percent of the incarcerated population are housed in private prisons

States contract with private companies to operate prisons

D. Jails: detention and short-term incarceration

1. Who is in jail

Most Americans do not distinguish between jails and prisons

Prison holds sentenced offenders

2. Managing jails

4. Inmate characteristics – Jails hold a mixture of offenders of widely diverse ages and

criminal histories

5. Fiscal problems

Jails are very expensive for local governments to operate

Class Discussion/Activity

Should female inmates be allowed to keep their young children in the

What If Scenario

What if you had an opportunity to reorganize the prison system in the United

States? What factors would limit the reforms and changes you would like to see

Media Tool

PPT 27-

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III. The law of corrections

Learning Objective 3: Explain the law of corrections and how it is applied to offenders and

correctional professionals.

A. Hands-off policy

Dominated prior to 1960s

Advocated that judges should not interfere with administration of correctional

institutions

B. Constitutional rights of prisoners

Cooper v. Pate (1964) signaled the end of the hands-off policy

1. First Amendment rights

2. Fourth Amendment rights

3. Eighth Amendment

4. Fourteenth Amendment

5. Due process in prison discipline

6. Equal Protection

Lee v. Washington (1968) said there should be no discrimination based on

7. Impact of p

Improved the institutional living conditions and administrative practices

C. Law and community corrections

Media Tool

o Assignment: View the video on private prisons. Do private

prisons exploit inmates and the government? Is it ethical for a

run more efficiently than a government bureaucracy? Would

inmates be treated differently? Better? Worse?

See Assignments 5

PPT 32

PPT 33-

37

PPT 39

PPT 40-

41

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Morrissey v. Brewer (1972) required that parole revocation hearings follow due

D. Law of correctional personnel

Civil service laws

Section 1983 provides means for prisoners to bring lawsuits against correctional

officials

Class Discussion/Activity

Divide the class into small groups and have each group assume the role of

correctional policy committee. Ask the groups to develop a policy that

What If Scenario

What is someone said to you that `prisoners have no rights when they are in

supported?

IV. Correctional Policy Trends

Learning Objective 4: Explain why the prison population has nearly quadrupled in the past 30

years.

A. Community corrections

1. Probation

2. Parole

An exploding prison population has a corresponding increase in parole populations

B. Incarceration

United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world

Five reasons are often cited for the sharp increase of incarceration rates:

1. Increased arrests and more likely incarceration

3. Prison construction

5. State politics

See Assignments 1, 3-

4

PPT 42

PPT 43-

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Class Discussion/Activity

Discuss the increased use of probation as an alternative for more costly

incarceration. Ask students to identify some positive benefits of using

probation instead of incarceration. Also have the students identify some

negative repercussions of increased probation use.

What If Scenario

What if you were asked to provide some explanations as to why the prison

population has increased so much in the last couple of decades? What would be

your response?

Lecture Notes

Throughout the first century following the creation of the United States, most

correctional policy was focused on punishment, retribution, and repentance. Toward the middle

of the nineteenth century, an interest in reform developed, especially towards juveniles and

women. Reformatories were created that advocated reward for good behavior and early release

for those deemed as reformed.

By the mid-twentieth century, reforms and changes came more rapidly, beginning with

experiments with the rehabilitation and medical models. The 1960s, however, were a major

turning point in correctional administration and the rights of prisoners. Beginning with cases

such as Cooper v. Pate (1960) the U.S. Supreme Court signaled that it would accept and examine

Media Tool

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imprisoned in the U.S. has also generated an increased number of parolees, straining parole officer

caseloads and making regular monitoring a difficult undertaking.

The first decade of the twenty-first century has seen the issues of a generation earlier

Key Terms

community corrections – A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender

into the community. (p. 329)

congregate system – A penitentiary system, developed in Auburn, New York, in which each

inmate was held in isolation during the night but worked and ate with other prisoners during the

day under a rule of silence. (p. 325)

corrections – The variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the

management of people who have been accused or convicted of criminal offenses. (p. 322)

crime control model of corrections – A model of corrections based on the assumption that

criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict

supervision. (p. 329)

hands-off policy Judges should not interfere with the administration of correctional

institutions. (p. 340)

jail – An institution authorized to hold pretrial detainees and sentenced misdemeanants for

periods longer than 48 hours. (p. 336)

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penitentiary – An institution intended to punish criminals by isolating them from society and

from one another so they can reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and reform. (p. 324)

prison – An institution for the incarceration of people convicted of serious crimes, usually

felonies. (p. 336)

separate confinement – A penitentiary system, developed in Pennsylvania, in which each inmate

was held in isolation from other inmates. All activities, including craft work, took place in the

cells. (p. 324)

Cooper v. Pate (1964) – Prisoners are entitled to the protection of the Civil Rights Act of 1871

and may challenge in federal courts the conditions of their confinement. (p. 340)

Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973) – Before probation can be revoked, a two-stage hearing must be held

and the offender provided with specific elements of due process. Requested counsel will be

allowed on a case-by-case basis. (p. 348)

Assignments

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1. In three consecutive years, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a ruling in a case involving due

process rights of prisoners and non-incarcerated offenders. The cases were: Morrissey v.

Brewer (1972); Gagnon v. Scarpelli (1973); Wolff v. McDonnell (1974). What was the

precedent in each of these cases? How are they related? How do they differ? [LO 3]

2. Research the U. S. Bureau of Prisons. How is the bureau structured? Describe the various

3. How is the Fourth Amendment applied in the correctional setting? How has the U.S.

4. Should rehabilitation be a primary goal of corrections? Why or why not? If rehabilitation

5. Your text discusses the history of the Pennsylvania System. One of the defining

characteristics of the Pennsylvania System is isolation. The isolation required during this