&+$37(5Nonverbal Intercultural Communication
&+$37(52%-(&7,9(6
7RLQWURGXFHVWXGHQWVWRWKHW\SHVRIPHVVDJHVWKDWWDNHQWRJHWKHUFRQVWLWXWHWKH
QRQYHUEDOFRGHV\VWHPV
7RGHVFULEHDQGH[SODLQWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRGH
XQGHUVWDQGLQJRILQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
7RGLVFXVVWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIDQGGHYHORSDVHQVLWLYLW\IRUWKHV\QFKURQLFQDWXUH
RIQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQFRGHV\VWHPVDQGKRZWKRVHYDU\IURPFXOWXUHWR
FXOWXUH
7RRIIHUVXJJHVWLRQVWKDWZLOODVVLVWVWXGHQWVLQXVLQJWKHLUNQRZOHGJHRI
QRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRLPSURYHWKHLULQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFH
/(&785(/$81&+(56
 ,QWKHV1$6$ODXQFKHGDVHULHVRIVSDFHFUDIWGHHSHQRXJKLQWRVSDFHWRHVFDSHWKH
JUDYLWDWLRQDOSXOORIRXUVXQ2QWKHRIIFKDQFHWKDWWKHVHVSDFHFUDIWZRXOGRQHGD\EHLQWHUFHSWHGE\
H[WUDWHUUHVWULDOVWKH\LQFOXGHGSLFWXUHVWRH[SODLQZKRPDGHWKHVKLS)LQGSLFWXUHVRIWKH3LRQHHU
 ,QJURXSVKDYHVWXGHQWVVKDUHHPEOHPVDQGLOOXVWUDWRUVWKDWWKH\XVHRQDUHJXODUEDVLV$IWHUDIHZ
PLQXWHVDVNWKHFODVVLIWKHUHDUHXQLYHUVDOHPEOHPVWKDWDUHXQGHUVWRRGZRUOGZLGH1H[WDVNIRUD
IHZXQLTXHVLWXDWLRQVWKDWGRQ¶WKDYHDQREYLRXVHPEOHPRULOOXVWUDWRUOLNHORFNLQJ\RXUNH\VLQWKH
&+$37(5287/,1(
,&KDUDFWHULVWLFVRI1RQYHUEDO&RGHV
$:KHUHDVYHUEDOFRGHVDUHODQJXDJHEDVHGQRQYHUEDOFRGHVDUHQRW
1RQYHUEDOFRGHVHQFRPSDVVWKHZD\VWKDWSHRSOHFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKRXWZRUGVDQGWKH\
,QFOXGHDOOIRUPVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQRWKHUWKDQOLQJXLVWLFRQHV
% 1RQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVDPXOWLFKDQQHOHGSURFHVVWKDWLVXVXDOO\SHUIRUPHG
VSRQWDQHRXVO\LWW\SLFDOO\LQYROYHVDVXEWOHVHWRIQRQOLQJXLVWLFEHKDYLRUVWKDWDUH
RIWHQHQDFWHGVXEFRQVFLRXVO\
& $OWKRXJKQRQYHUEDODQGYHUEDOFRGHVDUHGLVFXVVHGVHSDUDWHO\WKH\DUH
LQVHSDUDEO\OLQNHGWRJHWKHU
‘ 6RPHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIQRQYHUEDOFRGHV
(7KHUHODWLRQVKLSRIQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWRYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWDNHVD
YDULHW\RIIRUPV
1RQYHUEDOPHVVDJHVDUHRIWHQXVHGWRaccent WKHYHUEDOPHVVDJHE\
HPSKDVL]LQJDSDUWLFXODUZRUGRUSKUDVH
1RQYHUEDOPHVVDJHVFDQcomplement YHUEDOPHVVDJHVE\FODULI\LQJ
HODERUDWLQJH[SODLQLQJUHLQIRUFLQJDQGUHSHDWLQJDYHUEDOPHVVDJH
,,&XOWXUDO8QLYHUVDOVLQ1RQYHUEDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
$6RPHDXWKRUVKDYHLGHQWLILHGZKDWWKH\UHIHUWRDV³FXOWXUDOXQLYHUVDOV´RI
QRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
%6RPHH[DPSOHVRIWKHVHQRQYHUEDOXQLYHUVDOVLQFOXGHWKHVKRXOGHUVKUXJIDFLDO
H[SUHVVLRQVDQGWKHQHHGWREHWHUULWRULDO
&0LFKDHO$UJ\OHKDVVXPPDUL]HGDQXPEHURIFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIQRQYHUEDO
FRPPXQLFDWLRQWKDWDUHXQLYHUVDODFURVVDOOFXOWXUHV
7KHVDPHERG\SDUWVDUHXVHGIRUQRQYHUEDOH[SUHVVLRQV
,,,&XOWXUDO9DULDWLRQVLQ1RQYHUEDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
$1RQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQPXVWEHLQWHUSUHWHGLQWKHFRQWH[WRUIUDPHZRUNRIWKH
FXOWXUHLQZKLFKLWRFFXUV
&XOWXUHVGLIIHULQWKHVSHFLILFUHSHUWRLUHRIEHKDYLRUVWKDWDUHHQDFWHGHJ
ERG\SRVLWLRQVSRVWXUHVYRFDOLQWRQDWLRQVJHVWXUHVDQGVSDWLDO
UHTXLUHPHQWV
&XOWXUHVKDYHXQLTXHVHWVRIGLVSOD\UXOHVWKDWJRYHUQZKHQDQGXQGHUZKDW
FLUFXPVWDQFHVSDUWLFXODUQRQYHUEDOH[SUHVVLRQVDUHUHTXLUHGSUHIHUUHG
SHUPLWWHGRUSURKLELWHG
&XOWXUHVYDU\LQWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRUPHDQLQJVWKDWDUHDWWULEXWHGWR
SDUWLFXODUQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRUV
D$QLQWHUSUHWDWLRQWKDWWKHEHKDYLRULVrandom PHDQVWKDWLWKDVQR
SDUWLFXODUPHDQLQJWRDQ\RQH
E$Qidiosycratic LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVXJJHVWVWKDWWKHEHKDYLRUVDUHXQLTXHWR
%1RQYHUEDOUHSHUWRLUHVWKHLUFRUUHVSRQGLQJGLVSOD\UXOHVDQGWKHLUSUHIHUUHG
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDUHQRWWDXJKWYHUEDOO\EXWWKH\DUHOHDUQHGWKURXJKGLUHFW
REVHUYDWLRQDQGSHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHLQDFXOWXUH
,91RQYHUEDO)XQFWLRQV,Q,QWHUFXOWXUDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
$1RQYHUEDOFRGHVFDQEHXVHGWRIXOILOOILYHLQWHUUHODWHGIXQFWLRQV
/LNHYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQWKH\SURYLGHLQIRUPDWLRQ.
$VHFRQGIXQFWLRQRIQRQYHUEDOFRGHVLVWKDWRIPDQDJLQJLPSUHVVLRQVRI
7KHPRVWREYLRXVIXQFWLRQRIQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVWKDWRI
H[SUHVVLQJHPRWLRQV.
$QRWKHUIXQFWLRQRIQRQYHUEDOFRGHVLVWKDWRIUHJXODWLQJLQWHUDFWLRQVVXFKDVVHTXHQFLQJ
GXULQJFRQYHUVDWLRQV
91RQYHUEDO0HVVDJHVLQ,QWHUFXOWXUDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
$3K\VLFDODSSHDUDQFH
%RG\FKDUDFWHULVWLFV DUHUHODWLYHO\SHUPDQHQWVWDEOHIHDWXUHVWKDWDUHUHJDUGHGDVDQLQKHUHQW
SDUWRIWKDWSHUVRQ
2WKHUDVSHFWVRIRQH¶VSK\VLFDODSSHDUDQFHLQYROYHERG\PRGLILFDWLRQV VXFKDVSLHUFLQJV
WDWWRRVDQGFRVPHWLFSURFHGXUHVWKDWDUHDOVRUHODWLYHO\SHUPDQHQW
%(QYLURQPHQW
7KHHQYLURQPHQW,ZKLFKHQFRPSDVVHVWKHSK\VLFDOIHDWXUHVRUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIRXU
VXUURXQGLQJV
:DUPWKUHIHUVQRWWRWKHSK\VLFDOWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHVHWWLQJEXWWRWKHHPRWLRQDO
WRQHFRQYH\HGE\WKHHQYLURQPHQW
D$ZDUPHQYLURQPHQWIHHOVFRPIRUWDEOHDQGVHHPVWRLQYLWH\RXLQLWLVDSSHDOLQJDQG
ZHOFRPLQJ
D,QIDPLOLDUHQYLURQPHQWVZLWKLQ\RXURZQFXOWXUH\RXDUHPRUHOLNHO\WREH
UHOD[HGDQGWRIHHODWHDVH
E&RQYHUVHO\WKHVLJKWVVRXQGVVPHOOVDQGREMHFWVLQ³IRUHLJQ´HQYLURQPHQWVFDQ
VRPHWLPHVVHHPVWUDQJHDQGXQVHWWOLQJ
&RQVWUDLQWUHIHUVWR\RXUSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHH[WHQWWRZKLFK\RXIHHO³VWXFN´LQDSDUWLFXODU
HQYLURQPHQWRUIUHHWROHDYHLW
&%RG\PRYHPHQWVNLQHVLFV
 Emblems DUHQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRUVWKDWKDYHDGLUHFWYHUEDOFRXQWHUSDUWHJ
WKHWZRILQJHUHGSHDFHV\PEROLVIDPLOLDUWR86$PHULFDQV
 Illustrators DUHQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRUVWKDWDUHGLUHFWO\WLHGWRRUDFFRPSDQ\
WKHYHUEDOPHVVDJH
 Affect displays DUHIDFLDODQGERG\PRYHPHQWVWKDWVKRZIHHOLQJVDQG
HPRWLRQV
228
 Regulators DUHQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRUVWKDWKHOSFRQWUROWKHIORZDQGVHTXHQFLQJ
RIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
‘6SDFHSUR[HPLFV
&XOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHXVHRISHUVRQDOVSDFHH[LVW
D2QHQHHGVWRGHYHORSDQDZDUHQHVVRIFXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHXVHRI
VSDFH
E&XOWXUHVGLIIHULQWKHLUXVHRILQWLPDWHSHUVRQDOVRFLDODQGSXEOLFVSDFH
&XOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQWHUULWRULDOLW\H[LVWDQGFDQVHULRXVO\DIIHFW
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ
(7RXFKLVRQHRIWKHPRVWIXQGDPHQWDOSDUWVRIWKHKXPDQH[SHULHQFH
7RXFKFDQH[SUHVVSRVLWLYHDQGRUQHJDWLYHIHHOLQJVLQGLFDWHSOD\IXOQHVV
HVWDEOLVKFRQWURODQGVRFLDOGRPLQDQFHDQGEHXVHGWRDFFRPSOLVKWDVNV
)9RLFHYRFDOLFV
7KHPDQ\TXDOLWLHVRIWKHYRLFHLQDGGLWLRQWRWKHDFWXDOPHDQLQJRIWKH
ZRUGVIRUPWKHYRFDOLFQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQV\VWHP
D7KH\LQFOXGHQRQVSHHFKVRXQGVVXFKDVEHOFKLQJODXJKLQJDQGFU\LQJ
E7KH\DOVRLQFOXGHYRFDO³ILOOHU´VRXQGVVXFKDVXKHUXPDQGXKKXK
*7LPHFKURQHPLFV
7LPHRULHQWDWLRQUHIHUVWRWKHYDOXHRULPSRUWDQFHSODFHGRQWKHSDVVDJHRI
WLPHE\PHPEHUVRIDFXOWXUH
D3DVWRULHQWHGFXOWXUHVUHJDUGSUHYLRXVH[SHULHQFHVDVPRVWLPSRUWDQW
7LPHV\VWHPVDUHWKHLPSOLFLWFXOWXUDOUXOHVWKDWDUHXVHGWRDUUDQJHVHWVRI
H[SHULHQFHVLQVRPHPHDQLQJIXOZD\
D Technical time systems UHIHUWRWKHSUHFLVHVFLHQWLILFPHDVXUHPHQWRI
WLPH
3HUKDSVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIDFXOWXUH¶VLQIRUPDOWLPHV\VWHPLVWKH
GHJUHHWRZKLFKLWLVPRQRFKURQLFRUSRO\FKURQLF
D$monochronic WLPHV\VWHPPHDQVWKDWWKLQJVVKRXOGEHGRQHRQHDWD
WLPHDQGWLPHLVVHJPHQWHGLQWRSUHFLVHVPDOOXQLWV
%HFDXVHFXOWXUHVGLIIHULQWKHLUWLPHRULHQWDWLRQVDQGLQWLPHV\VWHPVWKH\XVH
WRJLYHRUGHUWRH[SHULHQFHVPLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVRIWHQRFFXU
+2WKHUQRQYHUEDOFRGHV\VWHPVDUHUHOHYDQWWRLQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
2XUFKHPLFDOFRGHV\VWHPLQWHUSUHWVFKHPLFDOEDVHGERG\IXQFWLRQVDQG
LQFOXGHVRQH¶VQDWXUDOERG\RGRUWHDUVVZHDWJDVKRXVHKROGVPHOOVDQG
VLPLODUSKHQRPHQD
VFKHPHVFRPPRQWRPHPEHUVRIDFXOWXUH
96\QFKURQ\RI1RQYHUEDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ&RGHV
$&XOWXUHVWUDLQWKHLUPHPEHUVWRV\QFKURQL]HYDULRXVQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRUVWRIRUP
230
DUHVSRQVHSDWWHUQWKDWW\SLILHVWKHH[SHFWHGEHKDYLRUVLQWKDWFXOWXUH
%7KLVV\QFKURQL]DWLRQIRUPVDUHVSRQVHSDWWHUQWKDWW\SLILHVWKHH[SHFWHGEHKDYLRUV
LQWKDWFXOWXUH
9,1RQYHUEDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQDQG,QWHUFXOWXUDO&RPSHWHQFH
$7KHUXOHVDQGQRUPVWKDWJRYHUQPRVWQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQEHKDYLRUVDUH
ERWKFXOWXUHVSHFLILFDQGOHDUQHGXQFRQVFLRXVO\
%0RQLWRULQJRQH¶VHPRWLRQDOUHDFWLRQVWRGLIIHUHQFHVLQQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRUVDOHUWV
9,,6XPPDU\
‘,6&866,2148(67,216
:KDWDUHWKHZD\VLQZKLFKQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQLVUHODWHGWRYHUEDO
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ”
D5HIHUVWXGHQWVWRWKHEHJLQQLQJRI&KDSWHULQWKHWH[W*LYHWKHPWKUHHWRILYH
PLQXWHVWRUHIUHVKWKHLUPHPRU\DERXWZKDWWKLVVHFWLRQGLVFXVVHV
:KDWDUHVRPHH[DPSOHVRIFXOWXUDOXQLYHUVDOV”&DQ\RXWKLQNRIH[DPSOHVIURP\RXU
SHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFHVWKDWHLWKHUFRQILUPRUFRQWUDGLFWWKHLGHDRIFXOWXUDOXQLYHUVDOV”
FRPSHWHQFH
E7KLVGLVFXVVLRQFRXOGWDNHEHWZHHQPLQXWHVWRDIXOOFODVVKRXUGHSHQGLQJRQ
WKHNLQGRISDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGWKHDPRXQWRIPDWHULDOFRYHUHG
:KDWDUHWKHVL[W\SHVRIQRQYHUEDOFRGHVLGHQWLILHGLQWKHWH[W”
D(OLFLWHQRXJKFRPPHQWVIURPWKHVWXGHQWVWRLGHQWLI\DOOVL[ERG\PRYHPHQWV
VSDFHWRXFKWLPHYRLFHDQGRWKHUQRQYHUEDOFRGHV7KHQWHOOVWXGHQWVZKLFK
RQHV\RXZLOOKDYHWLPHWRGLVFXVVWRGD\DQGZKLFKZLOOEHGLVFXVVHGLQWKHQH[W
FODVVVHVVLRQV
,WLVZLGHO\EHOLHYHGE\PDQ\WKDW³DVPLOHLVXQLYHUVDOO\XQGHUVWRRG´’R\RXDJUHH
ZLWKWKLVVWDWHPHQW”:K\RUZK\QRW”
7RXFKLVRQHRIWKHPRVWIXQGDPHQWDOSDUWVRIWKHKXPDQH[SHULHQFH%XWFXOWXUDO
GLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHQRUPVIRUWRXFKLQJFDQFDXVHSUREOHPVLQLQWHUFXOWXUDOLQWHUDFWLRQV
3URYLGHH[DPSOHVRI\RXUWRXFKLQJQRUPVWKDW\RXEHOLHYHGLIIHUIRUSHRSOHIURP
FXOWXUHVRWKHUWKDQ\RXURZQ
:KDWDUHVRPHRIWKHZD\VWKDW86$PHULFDQVKDYHEHHQWDXJKWRUKDYH
XQFRQVFLRXVO\OHDUQHGWRV\QFKURQL]HWKHLUQRQYHUEDOEHKDYLRUV”
+DYLQJGLVFXVVHGPDQ\DVSHFWVRIQRQYHUEDOFRGHVZKDWDUHVRPHRIWKHVXJJHVWLRQV
WKDWWKHDXWKRUVSURYLGHWRHQKDQFH\RXULQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPSHWHQFH5HIHUWRWKHHQG
RI&KDSWHU
,16758&7,21$/$&7,9,7,(6
$FWLYLW\3HUVRQDO6SDFH
*RDOVRIWKLVDFWLYLW\
7RLOOXVWUDWHWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRISHUVRQDOVSDFHYLRODWLRQV
7RVKRZMXVWKRZPXFKQRQYHUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQDIIHFWVWKHFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
VLWXDWLRQ
’RQRWWHOOVWXGHQWVWKDWWKLVLVDQDFWLYLW\DERXWWKHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIYLRODWLQJ
SHUVRQDOVSDFH$VNIRUWKUHHRUIRXUYROXQWHHUVWRREVHUYHWKHDFWLYLW\ZLWK\RX
‘LUHFWWKHUHVWRIWKHVWXGHQWVWRSDLURIIZLWKVRPHRQHLQWKHFODVVWKDWWKH\GR
QRWNQRZDWDOORUWKDWWKH\GRQRWNQRZZHOO+DYHWKHVWXGHQWVVWDQGLQSDLUV
$IWHUWKHVWXGHQWVKDYHWDONHGIRUWKUHHPLQXWHVJHWWKHLUDWWHQWLRQDQGVWRSWKH
WDON,QVWUXFWWKHPWRFRQWLQXHIDFLQJHDFKRWKHUDQGWRFXWWKHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQ
WKHPLQKDOIDQGIRUDERXWPLQXWHVWRGLVFXVVVRPHWKLQJIXQWKDWWKH\KDYH
GRQHZLWKWKHLUEHVWIULHQG
,QFOXGLQJGHEULHILQJWLPHDQGGUDZLQJOLQNVWRWKHWH[WWKLVDFWLYLW\FRXOGWDNHDQ
HQWLUHFODVVKRXU$VPHQWLRQHGDERYHLWFDQIROORZRULQWURGXFHDOHFWXUHGLVFXVVLRQ
DQGEHDFFRPSOLVKHGLQPLQXWHV
$GGLWLRQDO&RPPHQWV
4XHVWLRQVIRUGHEULHILQJPLJKWLQFOXGH
+RZGLG\RXIHHOZKLOHKROGLQJKDQGV”+RZZDVWKDWIHHOLQJH[DJJHUDWHGE\
WDONLQJDERXWRQHRI\RXUPRVWHPEDUUDVVLQJPRPHQWV”
:KDWFDQ\RXVD\DERXWWKHPHDQLQJRIWRXFKDVDUHVXOWRIWKLVDFWLYLW\”
VWXGHQWVLQWKHFODVV”
$FWLYLW\:DWFKLQJ,QWHUFXOWXUDO&RPPXQLFDWLRQ
*RDORIWKLVDFWLYLW\
7RLQFUHDVHVWXGHQWDZDUHQHVVRIWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHPHDQLQJVWKDWDUHVKDUHG
WKURXJKQRQYHUEDOLQWHUFXOWXUDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQ
,QWURGXFWRU\&RPPHQWV
234
‘LUHFWLRQV
&KRRVHDPRYLHWDONVKRZQHZVUHSRUWVRDSRSHUDHWFWKDWGHSLFWVDQ
LQWHUFXOWXUDOLQWHUDFWLRQ&KRRVHDVHJPHQWWKDW\RXKDYHSUHYLHZHGDQGDUH
IDPLOLDUZLWK
6KRZWKHVHJPHQWRI\RXUVHOHFWHGSURJUDPRUYLGHR
$VNVWXGHQWVWRFRPPHQWRQWKHLUREVHUYDWLRQVEDVHGRQWKHJXLGHOLQHV\RXJDYH
WKHPDERYH/LVWHQIRUGLVFUHSDQFLHVEHWZHHQVWXGHQWLQWHUSUHWDWLRQVDQGGLVFXVV
WKRVH
7LPH5HTXLUHG
7KLVDFWLYLW\ZRUNVEHVWLI\RXKDYHDOORZHGDIXOOFODVVKRXUHVSHFLDOO\LI\RXZDQW
WRDOORZ\RXUVHOIWLPHWRGUDZOLQNVEHWZHHQWKHVWXGHQWFRPPHQWVDQGWKHWH[W
$GGLWLRQDO&RPPHQWV
/LQNVFDQSRWHQWLDOO\EHGUDZQWRWKHHQWLUHFKDSWHU/RRNIRUDQGWU\WRPDNHOLQNVWR
FXOWXUDOGLIIHUHQFHVLQWKHIROORZLQJ