Matter and Energy 3
Chapter Overview
The universe is made up of a finite amount of matter and energy. It is these two concepts
Lecture Outline
3.2 What Is Matter?
3.3 Classifying Matter According to Its State: Solid, Liquid, and Gas
Learning Objective: Classify matter as solid, liquid, or gas.
A. Solid
1. Crystalline
B. Liquid
1. Fixed volume
2. Fluid
C. Gas
1. Compressible
3.4 Classifying Matter According to Its Composition: Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures
Learning Objective: Classify matter as element, compound, or mixture.
A. Pure substance
1. Composed of one type of atom or molecule
B. Mixture
1. Composed of two or more types of atoms or molecules
3.5 Differences in Matter: Physical and Chemical Properties
Learning Objective: Distinguish between physical and chemical properties.
A. Physical property
1. Observable without changing the identity
1. Observable only by changing the identity
3.6 Changes in Matter: Physical and Chemical Changes
Learning Objective: Distinguish between physical and chemical changes.
A. Physical change
B. Chemical change
1. Appearance and properties can change
2. Composition changes
C. Separation of mixtures through physical changes
1. Decanting
3. Filtration
3.7 Conservation of Mass: There Is No New Matter
3.8 Energy
Learning Objective: Recognize the different forms of energy.
Learning Objective: Identify and convert among energy units.
A. Energy cannot be created or destroyed
B. Forms of energy
2. Potential – energy associated with position
4. Chemical – energy associated with potential chemical change
C. Units of energy
2. calorie (cal)
4. Kilowatt-hour (kWh)
3.9 Energy and Chemical and Physical Change
3.10 Temperature: Random Motion of Molecules and Atoms
Learning Objective: Convert between Fahrenheit, Celsius, and Kelvin Temperature
Scales.
3.11 Temperature Changes: Heat Capacity
Learning Objective: Relate energy, temperature change, and heat capacity.
A. How much energy required to change the temperature of a substance
3.12 Energy and Heat Capacity Calculations
Learning Objective: Relate energy, temperature change, and heat capacity.
A. Heat = mass × heat capacity × temperature change
B. Heat capacity is a conversion factor between temperature change, heat, and mass
Chemical Principle Teaching Ideas
Matter
Try to have the students come up with something that is NOT matter, and they will
quickly realize that everything around them is matter.
Classification of Matter
A good exercise in classifying matter into certain categories is to point around the room,
Conservation of Mass
Some students will say that this is not true, as in a nuclear reaction where mass is
converted into energy. Explain to them that this law is for chemical reactions, where no nuclear
changes take place.
Energy
The total energy in the universe is constant, but the universe is expanding at a furious
pace. You can use this opportunity to talk about the universe, how it was born, and its history.
Temperature
To help students understand the reason why we have different temperature scales, you
can discuss the origin of each scale. The Fahrenheit scale is based of the average temperature of
Heat Capacity
One easy way for students to remember the concept of heat capacity and its relative
magnitude is for them to look at water heating on a stove. Most of them will agree that if you put
Skill Builder Solutions
3.1. a. Mercury is a pure substance and is also an element.
b. Exhaled air is a mixture of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and some other gases.
3.2. a. Hydrogen burns in oxygen to give water as a product. This is a chemical change, so it
3.3. a. This is a chemical reaction involving copper solid becoming copper ion.
3.6. a. Potential energy must be removed from liquid water to turn it into ice, so it is an
3.7. 358 – 273 = 85 C
Suggested Demonstrations
Heat and Dilution of Sulfuric Acid, Chemical Demonstrations 1:17, Shakhashiri, B.Z. University
of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
Heat of Solution of Lithium Chloride, Chemical Demonstrations 1:21, Shakhashiri, B.Z.
University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.
Guided Inquiry Ideas
Below are a few example questions that students answer in the guided inquiry activities provided
in the Guided Activity Workbook.
How much energy do you think it will take to raise the temperature of 1 g of water from room
An experiment was done in which 58 g of butane (enough for about a dozen lighters) was found
to consume 208 g of oxygen when it burned. The products were 176 g of carbon dioxide and 90
g of water.
During the reaction, what changed?
During the reaction what did not change?