Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
8
Lesson Plans for
Health and Illness
CHAPTER LESSON PLANS & OBJECTIVES
Lesson 8.1:
2. Discuss traditional and current views of health and illness.
4. Explain how the body attempts to adapt to stressors.
6. Differentiate acute and chronic illness.
8. Describe nursing measures for health promotion, health maintenance, and illness.
9. Describe complementary and alternative therapies and the nurse’s role in relation to both.
CHAPTER TEACHING FOCUS
• In this chapter, students will be introduced to the concept of health and illness on a continuum,
including current and traditional views of health and illness.
• Students will have the opportunity to learn how Maslow’s hierarchy of needs relates to maintaining
CONCEPTS
The following conceptual themes and specific concepts match those presented in Giddens, J. R. (2013).
THEME: Health Care Infrastructures
• Concept: Health Care Policy
• Exemplar: Promoting Health / Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation, Healthy People 2020,
p. 94
THEME: Attributes and Resources
• Concept: Family Dynamics
• Exemplar: Caregiver Role for Family Members, p. 96
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Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
CHAPTER PRETEST
Have the students answer these questions prior to covering this chapter to understand where they stand
in relation to the content.
1) In 1946, the World Health Organization defined health as __________.
a) whatever a person says it is
b) the absence of disease
c) complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not just the absence of disease or infirmity
d) success experienced by an organism to respond adaptively to environmental challenges
2) A patient is newly diagnosed with high blood pressure. If she is to achieve homeostasis, she will do
which of the following?
a) Follow a diet low in sodium.
b) Exercise every 2 weeks.
c) Use anger as her primary coping mechanism.
d) Take her blood pressure medication on occasion.
3) Which of the following is one of the three factors that can influence how an illness affects a family?
a) The seriousness and duration of the disease
b) The patient’s gender
c) Whether the patient requires oxygen therapy
d) Whether the patient requires medication
4) An example of an external stressor might be __________.
a) boredom
b) loss of a relationship
c) sunshine
d) overexertion
5) A normal heart rate is associated with which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
a) Exhaustion stage
b) Resistance stage
c) Alarm reaction
d) Death
6) A 40-year-old man whose wife has been diagnosed with ovarian cancer shares with the nurse that he
will not be in to see his wife tomorrow evening because he will be going to synagogue. Which of the
following coping mechanisms is he demonstrating?
a) Problem-solving
b) Accepting responsibility
c) Denial
d) Faith
7) An external response to stress is demonstrated when a person __________.
a) smokes a cigarette
b) cries
c) asks his family for assistance
d) set goals for a quit date
8) Which of the following problems is an acute illness?
a) Influenza
b) Type 2 diabetes
c) Coronary artery disease
d) Hypertension
9) A nurse helps her patient adapt his medication regimen to fit his busy lifestyle. The nurse is
performing which of the following nursing interventions?
a) Help satisfy a patient’s unmet basic human needs
b) Help family members deal with a patient’s illness
c) Assist terminally ill patients to a peaceful death
d) Foster independence
Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
Copyright © 2016 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Linton
10) A patient informs the nurse that he practices yoga regularly. What type of complementary therapy is
yoga?
a) Bioelectromagnetic application
b) Mind-body intervention
c) Manual healing method
d) Herbal medicine
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Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
Chapter Pretest Answers
CHAPTER BACKGROUND ASSESSMENT
Discuss these questions with your students prior to covering this chapter to understand where they stand
in relation to the content.
Question: What is Healthy People 2020 about? How can nurses contribute to this concept?
Answer: Through public education, Americans have become increasingly health-conscious and many are
beginning to practice healthy lifestyles more responsibly. Healthy People 2020 is a national health
Question: What nursing interventions are indicated to help meet the level of physiologic needs in
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Answer: The first level on Maslow’s hierarchy is physiologic needs. To meet needs in this category, a
nurse should perform a thorough assessment of the patient to determine which areas may need attention.
_______________________________________________________________ Chapter 8 Health and Illness 5
Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
LESSON 8.1
Instructor Preparation
Textbook Objectives Covered
2. Discuss traditional and current views of health and illness.
4. Explain how the body attempts to adapt to stressors.
6. Differentiate acute and chronic illness.
8. Describe nursing measures for health promotion, health maintenance, and illness.
9. Describe complementary and alternative therapies and the nurse’s role in relation to both.
Lesson Preparation Checklist
• Prepare lecture from TEACH lecture slides available on Evolve.
• Student performance evaluation of all entry-level skills required for student comprehension of principles
underlying health and illness, including:
• Traditional and contemporary views of health and illness
Materials and Supplies
Key Terms
• complementary therapy
• homeostasis (p. 95)
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Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
LESSON 8.1
Student Preparation
Assignments 2 hours
1
READ – Textbook (pp. 91–92)
REVIEW
• Figure 8-1: Common concept of health as a continuum ranging from optimal wellness (p. 92)
ANSWER – Study Guide
• Part IB: 1 (p. 36)
2
READ – Textbook (pp. 91–92)
3
READ – Textbook (pp. 92–93)
REVIEW
• Figure 8-2: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (p. 92)
ANSWER – Text
ANSWER – Study Guide
• Part IA: 1-11 (p. 36)
• Part IID: 13 (p. 37)
4
READ – Textbook (pp. 93–95)
REVIEW
• Figure 8-3: General adaptation syndrome (p. 94)
• Table 8-1: Examples of stressors (p. 95)
ANSWER – Text
ANSWER – Study Guide
• Part IID: 1-8, 12, 14 (pp. 36-37)
• Part IIIE: 1, 3-10 (pp. 37-38)
5
READ – Textbook (pp. 95–96)
ANSWER – Text
ANSWER – Study Guide
• Part IID: 11 (p. 37)
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Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
LESSON 8.1
6
READ – Textbook (pp. 96–97)
ANSWER – Text
• Review Questions for the NCLEX Examination: 5 (p. 102)
ANSWER – Study Guide
• Part IB: 3-10 (p. 36)
• Part IIIE: 2 (p. 37)
7
READ – Textbook (p. 97)
ANSWER – Study Guide
9
READ – Textbook (pp. 99–101)
REVIEW
• Table 8-2: Types of complementary and alternative therapy (p. 100)
• Table 8-3: Examples of dangerous herbal remedy-drug interactions (p. 101)
ANSWER – Text
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Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
LESSON 8.1
Lecture Outline 20 minutes
Slide 1
Chapter 8
Health and Illness
1
&
2
Slide 2
The Health-Illness Continuum
• Traditional views of health and illness
• Have been viewed as separate entities
• People were either healthy or sick
TALKING POINTS:
• A typical dictionary definition of health is “soundness, especially of body or mind; freedom from
disease or abnormality” (American Heritage Dictionary).
Slide 3
The Health-Illness Continuum (cont.)
• Current views of health and illness
• Health and illness are viewed as relative states along a continuum
TALKING POINTS:
• Who first used the expression “high–level wellness”?
Slide 4
The Health-Illness Continuum (cont.)
• Current views of health and illness
• Unique factors within each individual influence how that person responds to external forces
TALKING POINTS:
• How does the current view of health and illness differ from the traditional view?
• In American culture, disease is regarded as a disruption of biologic and/or psychological function.
_______________________________________________________________ Chapter 8 Health and Illness 9
Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
LESSON 8.1
3
Slide 5
Basic Human Needs
• Physiologic needs
• Oxygen
• Water
• Food
TALKING POINTS:
• How would you appropriately prioritize the needs listed above?
Basic Human Needs (cont.)
Slide 7
Ego Developmental Needs
• Must be met to sustain cognitive and perceptual growth and memory development
• Satisfied through education and training
• Enable individuals to develop:
• Motor coordination
• Independence
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs
• Human needs can be organized into five levels from most necessary to least necessary
2. Safety and security
4. Self-esteem
5. Self-actualization
Slide 9
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (cont.)
• Physiologic needs
• Oxygen, fluids, nutrition, temperature, elimination, shelter, rest, and sex
• Most fundamental needs because they sustain life
TALKING POINTS:
• A person generally progresses up the hierarchy in an attempt to satisfy needs.
• Which needs must be met before any others?
10 Chapter 8 Health and Illness _______________________________________________________________
Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
LESSON 8.1
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (cont.)
• Safety and security needs
• Protection from harm and freedom from anxiety and fear
TALKING POINTS:
• Love and belonging are related to self-esteem, which is essential for carrying out health-promoting
behaviors.
Slide 11
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (cont.)
• Self-esteem needs
• Essential for health-promoting behaviors
• Feeling good about oneself and feeling that others hold one in high regard
Slide 12
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs (cont.)
• Self-actualization needs
• Characteristics of a self-actualized individual
• Ability to solve problems
• Willingness to accept suggestions and criticism from others
TALKING POINTS:
• Should priorities for nursing care be based on the level of human needs?
• Individuals may move from one level to another under different conditions.
4
Adaptation to Stress
• Humans can’t go through life without stress
TALKING POINTS:
• What are examples of internal and external stress?
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Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
LESSON 8.1
Slide 14
Life Changes That Cause Stress
• Death of a spouse
• Divorce or marital separation
• Detention in jail or other institution
• Death of a close family member
• Major personal injury or illness
• Marriage
TALKING POINTS:
• Life changes can be positive or negative, but they require people to expend energy to adapt to the
Slide 15
Hospitalization
• Stressful for most people
• While ill, people seek control regarding
• Avoidance of pain and incapacitation
• The immediate hospital environment
TALKING POINTS:
• The hospital environment introduces new sights, sounds, smells, and routines into daily life.
• These changes challenge the patient’s autonomy and control.
• Why may patients feel powerlessness when hospitalized?
The Stress Response
• Local adaptation syndrome
The Stress Response (cont.)
• General adaptation syndrome
• Physiologic response of the whole body to stress
TALKING POINTS:
• What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?
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Introduction to Medical-Surgical Nursing, 6th ed.
LESSON 8.1
Slide 18
General Adaptation Syndrome
• Consists of three stages
• Stage 1: Alarm reaction
• Causes body to respond to stress physiologically
• Hormone levels, heart rate and cardiac output, respiratory rate, oxygen intake, and mental
TALKING POINTS:
• What happens after the initial alarm stage?
Slide 19
General Adaptation Syndrome (cont.)
• Stage 2: Resistance
• Adaptation to the stressor
• If the stressor can be overcome or the damage repaired, the body begins to heal
Slide 20
Signs and Symptoms of Stress
• Cold hands and feet
• Tensed muscles
• Nervous movements
TALKING POINTS:
• When individuals do not cope well with stressors and are unable to adapt, they may withdraw and
become depressed.
• What are the signs and symptoms of withdrawal and depression?
Coping