Biology & Life Sciences Chapter 6 Homework Part Human Hand Review The Bones The

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LABORATORY MANUAL AND WORKBOOK FOR BIOLOGICAL

ANTHROPOLOGY INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL

Lab 6: Bones of the Skeleton

ANSWERS TO LAB 6 CONCEPT REVIEW QUESTIONS

1. The occipital bone forms the posterior (back) of the cranium.

vertebra).

5. The ribs that articulate directly, indirectly, or not at all with the sternum are:

each arm.

ossa coxae.

side of the body.

GUIDE & ANSWERS TO LAB 6 EXERCISES

Exercise 1: Cranium (15 to 20 minutes)

For this exercise, you could substitute a cast with numbered stickers or labels instead of the

image provided in the lab Image Library.

Part A: Human Cranium (anterior and lateral views)

Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the human cranium pictures in the

lab Image Library). Some of the major bones of the cranium have been assigned numbers. For

each number, provide the appropriate bone name in the space below:

Note that the zygomatic bone (7) fuses with the maxilla anteriorly and with the zygomatic

process of the occipital posteriorly, forming a bony zygomatic arch that creates a space for the

passage of cheek muscles.

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4. alveolar process

Exercise 2: Dentition (5 minutes)

For this exercise, you could substitute your own material for the image provided, but be sure to

adjust the dental formula answer as needed depending on the material you provide.

Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the mystery animal dentition picture

in the lab Image Library) to calculate the dental formula for the animal and write it in the space

provided.

Exercise 3: Vertebral Column (10 to 15 minutes)

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Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the human vertebral column

diagram in the lab Image Library). The major bones of the vertebral column have been assigned

numbers. For each number, provide the appropriate name in the space below:

PART B: Typical Human Vertebra (such as L3)

Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the typical human vertebra pictured

in the lab Image Library) and label the following key features on the vertebra:

2. vertebral foramen

4. transverse process

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PART C: Types of Vertebrae (one each of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae)

Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the photos of three mystery

vertebrae pictured in the lab Image Library) to answer the following questions.

1. Which mystery vertebra is a cervical vertebra? Describe two features that helped you

determine this.

2. Which mystery vertebra is a thoracic vertebra? Describe two features that helped you

determine this.

3. Which mystery vertebra is a lumbar vertebra? Describe two features that helped you

determine this.

Exercise 4: Thoracic Cage (Rib Cage) (5 minutes)

For this exercise, you could substitute a cast with numbered stickers or labels instead of the

image provided showing an articulated thoracic cage.

Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the human rib cage pictured in the

lab Image Library) and label the following bones of the rib cage:

1. manubrium

2. sternal body

3. xiphoid process

4. true ribs

5. false ribs

6. floating ribs

Exercise 5: Upper and Lower Limb Comparison (10 minutes)

For this exercise, you could substitute a cast with numbered stickers or labels instead of the

images of limb bones provided.

PART A: Human Upper Limb

Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the human upper limb picture in the

lab Image Library). The major bones have been numbered. For each number, provide the

appropriate name in the space provided.

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Note that some students may name the general bone groups or specific bones within the wrist,

hand, or fingers.

PART B: Human Lower Limb

Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the human lower limb picture in the

lab Image Library). The major bones have been numbered. For each number, provide the

appropriate bone name in the space provided.

Exercise 6: Upper Limb (10 minutes)

For this exercise, you could substitute a cast with numbered stickers or labels instead of the

human humerus images provided.

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PART A: Human Humerus

Refer to the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the human humerus pictured in the

lab Image Library) and label the following key features of the humerus:

1. head

2. lesser tubercle

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PART B: Human Hand

Review the bones of the hand provided by your instructor or depicted in Figure 6.37 Describe

two things that make the first finger (the thumb) different from the other fingers.

Exercise 7: Lower Limb (15 minutes)

For this exercise, you could substitute a cast with numbered stickers instead of the human pelvis

and femur images provided.

PART A: Human Pelvis (articulated with sacrum)

Review the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the human pelvis pictured in the lab

Image Library). The major bones and features have been numbered. For each number, provide

the appropriate name in the space provided.

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PART B: Human Femur

Review the skeletal material provided by your instructor (or the human femur pictured in the lab

Image Library) and label the following key features of the femur:

1. head

PART C: Human Foot

Exercise 8: Surface Anatomy of the Skeleton (20 to 25 minutes)

If available, you may want to provide students with access to an articulated full human skeleton

to help them visualize how their externally palpable features translate to internal features on the

skeleton. For this exercise, it is particularly important that students work in small groups.

Depending on individual variations in student body mass, some features may be harder for them

to locate on their own bodies. Having multiple students in the group will help alleviate some of

these potential problems.

Use your own body (in anatomical position) to identify the following bones and features from

the skeleton. Name the specific bone(s) [and feature(s) if possible] for each:

1. Your chin:

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5. The sides of your elbow:

7. The protrusion or bump you can feel on the corner of your wrist (palmar surface):

8. The protrusion or ridge at the front and top of your hips:

9. The protrusion or bump on your outer ankle:

10. The protrusion or bump on your inner ankle:

ANSWERS TO LAB 6 CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS

1. The cranium must form a round, protective shell for the brain. Many smaller bones must

2. Similar features of vertebrae: All have same basic parts (body, vertebral arch, vertebral

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specific shapes (rib attachment areas, orientation of spinous process, presence or absence

3. It is important that much of the anterior rib cage is made of cartilage because this

4. Similar features of shoulder and elbow: The humerus is part of both joints. Differences:

More bones are involved in the elbow than in the shoulder. The shoulder is more mobile

5. Similar types of bones and layout of upper and lower limbs: The same general types of

bones are involved (long, short), the same relative numbers of bones (one upper arm/leg

some similarities in overall function and mobility. For example, the limb overall is fairly

6. Differences in physical features of the hands and feet: Feet have arches and short toes.

Hands do not have an arch, and the fingers are long. Hands are for grasping and fine