Answers to Micro in the Clinic
Follow-Up Questions
CHAPTER 1 A Brief History of Microbiology
Micro in the Clinic Follow–Up: Too Much Cake, or Something
Worse? (p. 22)
1. Dr. Andrews observed Patty’s signs and symptoms, then formulated the hypothesis that
2. Most foods in a fruit salad are washed but not cooked. A raw food item that was not
CHAPTER 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Can Spicy Foods
Cause Ulcers? (p. 52)
1. Stomach acid produces the low pH, high acid environment in which H. pylori thrives. Ant-
2. Milk coats the walls of the digestive tract, temporarily relieving the burning sensation. The
proteins in milk can also serve as buffers, reducing the acidity of the stomach contents.
Answers to Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up Questions
CHAPTER 3 Cell Structure and Function
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Kidney Infection Leading to Mental
Confusion? (p. 88)
1. Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS).
2. E. coli is a motile bacterium able to use flagella to move from one location to another
CHAPTER 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: End of the Camping Trip? (p.
120)
1. An immunofluorsence test using dye-tagged antibodies that bind specifically to the bacte-
2. An agglutination test using rabbit antibodies that bind to Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacte-
CHAPTER 5 Microbial Metabolism
Micro in the Clinic Follow Up: Scraped Knee and Loss of Leg (p.
154)
1. S. pyogenes is an aerotolerant anaerobe, meaning that the bacterium does not require oxy-
2. By continuing to take antibiotics, Arun is ensuring that any remaining S. pyogenes is elim-
Instructor’s Manual for Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, 5e
CHAPTER 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Just a Sore Throat and Cough? (p.
186)
1. Blood agar is a differential media and can be used to identify microorganisms capable of
lysing red blood cells (Figure 6.13). Chocolate agar is an example of an enrichment
2. M. pneumoniae grows slowly on culture plates, requiring at least two to six weeks before
colonies are observed (See Chapter 22, M. pneumoniae diagnosis, treatment and
CHAPTER 7 Microbial Genetics
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Another Stroke? (p. 230)
1. Horizontal gene transfer between bacteria can occur through three mechanisms.
Transduction involves the transfer of genes through bacteriophage replication.
2. Numerous factors can contribute to Healthcare associated infections (HAIs), infections ac-
quired in a healthcare facility. While Ben was at the hospital, he was likely exposed to
CHAPTER 8 Recombinant DNA Technology
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Cause for Concern? (p. 255)
1. The Dengue virus contains an RNA genome. A reverse transcriptase step is employed to
make a DNA copy of the Dengue virus RNA present in Caroline’s sample. DNA primers
are then used to amplify a target region of DNA in real-time PCR. This step is coupled
3. The CDC could sequence the Dengue virus DNA present in the sample using either Sanger
or next-generation sequencing. The researchers could then perform a DNA sequence
CHAPTER 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Environment
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: An Uninvited Dinner Guest (p. 280)
1. Given that both Marcella and Sarah were affected shortly after sharing a common meal at
2. Johnson’s Dairy should evaluate their sanitation processes as to how their equipment is
disinfected prior to and after production of their products. In addition, the owners should
CHAPTER 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body:
Antimicrobial Drugs
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: A Cure Leading to Disease (p. 316)
1. Quinolones, including levofloxacin, inhibit the action of an enzyme called DNA gyrase.
2. By taking levofloxacin to treat his initial condition, the normal microbiota present in
Thomas’ gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The normal microbiota compete with
Instructor’s Manual for Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, 5e
CHAPTER 11 Characterizing and Classifying Prokaryotes
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Simply Spider Bites? (p. 345)
2. The cattle became infected after ingesting the endospores while grazing. Endospores shed
CHAPTER 12 Characterizing and Classifying Eukaryotes
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Too Much Wine? (p. 376)
1. Becky’s condition is a result of a toxin, not an infection. Antimicrobials would have no ef-
2. Diatoms are unique amongst eukaryotic cells in that diatoms possess silica cell walls. Like
CHAPTER 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids,
and Prions
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Working Too Hard? (p. 405)
1. The Hantavirus RNA–dependent RNA transcriptase transcribes positive-sense RNA using
the genomic negative-sense RNA as a template. The positive-sense RNA can then be read
2. Most envelope viruses obtain the viral envelope from the cellular membrane of the cell that
CHAPTER 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Epidemiology
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Just Jet Lag? (p. 438)
1. Symptoms are subjective characteristics of the disease felt only by the patient. Signs are
objective manifestations of the disease that can be observed and measured (See page 420
2. Ellen acquired malaria when the mosquito bit her skin and injected the malaria parasite.
CHAPTER 15 Innate Immunity
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Allergies in Bloom? (p. 463)
1. The Lacrimal apparatus secretes tears that wash the eyes. The blinking action of the eyelid
2. Inflammation results in 1) dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels, 2) migra-
CHAPTER 16 Adaptive Immunity
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: More Than the Common Cold? (p.
493)
1. (p.493) Adaptive immune responses generate in the lymphoid organs. There foreign
486). B cells also undergo stimulation, either independently or dependent upon T helper
cells. B cells, upon activation, either produce plasma cells and memory B cells (p 489).
2. See Herd Immunity (p. 505)
CHAPTER 17 Immunization and Immune Testing
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Complications of Premature Birth?
(p. 516)
1. p. 516: Answer: Precipitation Test: see page 508. Example:
CHAPTER 18 Immune Disorders
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Danger in the Blackberry Patch?
(p. 545)
1. Explain how the hornet venom caused Tim’s hives and his difficulty in breathing. In other
2. Why will an antihistamine help treat Tim’s hives?
Answer to both questions: p 522, 2nd column, last paragraph – p 523: One significant
CHAPTER 19 Microbial Diseases of the Skin and Wounds
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: A Case of Acne or Something
More? (p. 589)
1. Answer: p. 563
• Fimbriae and adhesins attach to host cells and enable biofilm formation.
• Its capsule, composed of a mucoid polysaccharide, plays a role in bacterial attachment and
biofilm formation, and it shields the bacterium from phagocytosis.
2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cannot penetrate intact structures, cells and chemical defenses of the
skin (p 563.) When Kate was soaking in the hot tub, some of the protective sebum on her skin
Answers to Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up Questions
was washed off, and her skin pores were more open than usual. This allowed the Pseudomonas
CHAPTER 20 Microbial Diseases of the Nervous System and Eyes
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Brain Dysfunction After a Hard
Hike? (p. 624)
2. West Nile Virus causes encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of
CHAPTER 21 Microbial Cardiovascular and Systemic Diseases
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: More Than Stress? (p. 664)
1. A. It has an animal reservoir, namely the Triatoma (kissing bug) that acts as a biological vector.
2. After infecting person, Trypanosoma cruzi circulates in blood and then develops inside cells –
CHAPTER 22 Microbial Diseases of the Respiratory System
Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up: Another Day Care Cold? (p. 703)
1.Various adhesins and toxins mediate the disease. Two adhesins are filamentous
hemagglutinin and pertussis toxin. Four toxins are:
• Pertussis toxin, a portion of which interferes with ciliated epithelial cells’ metabolism,
2. Claire’s argument is wrong. Pertussis has no reservoir and is spread only by human to human
contact. Hailey is being exposed to a deadly disease, and is exposing others around her. If
CHAPTER 23 Microbial Diseases of the Digestive System
Micro in the Clinic Follow-up: Too Much Spice? (p. 741)
1. See Fig 23.10 (p 721). Cholera toxin is an A-B toxin composed of one A subunit and five B
subunits. One of the B subunits binds to a glycolipid receptor in the cytoplasmic membrane of
2. See p 711, 2nd column. Generally, intestinal microbiota serve to protect the body by
outcompeting pathogens—a situation called microbial antagonism or microbial competition.
CHAPTER 24 Microbial Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive
Systems
Micro in the Clinic Follow-up: The Happiest of Times? (p. 771)
1. Chlamydia grow and multiply only within vesicles inside host cells. They have two morphologies
(elementary body and reticulate body), both of which can occur inside host cells. Elementary
2. About 85% of chlamydial genital tract infections in women are asymptomatic. The infection
Answers to Micro in the Clinic Follow-Up Questions
CHAPTER 25 Applied and Industrial Microbiology
Micro in the Clinic Follow-up: A Case of Dehydration? (p. 795)
1. Antitoxin was used to neutralize the neurotoxin already circulating in Mateo’s blood. He
2. Clostridium botulinum is present in soil, and contaminated the mushrooms where they were
CHAPTER 26 Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes
Micro in the Clinic Follow-up: A New Treatment? (p. 815)
1. The primary pathogen that produces the infections in cystic fibrosis is Pseudomonas
aeruginosa. However, studies have shown that the exacerbations in Cystic Firbrosis patients