Answers to End-of-Chapter
Questions for Review
Note that the End-of-Chapter Concept Maps are available online in the Study Area of
Mastering Microbiology (www.masteringmicrobiology.com) so that students can complete
them interactively. Concept mapping answers are also found in the Answers section in the
back of the textbook. Instructors can access completed concept maps and teaching tips in the
Instructor Resource section of Mastering Microbiology.
CHAPTER 1 A Brief History of Microbiology
Multiple Choice
Fill in the Blanks
1. Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky
2. Louis Pasteur and Eduard Buchner
Matching
Visualize It!
1. 1. cilium; 2. flagellum; 3. pseudopod; 4. nucleus
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions
Short Answer
1. The theory of spontaneous generation hindered the development of the field of microbi-
2. flasks contained sterilized nutrients but were sealed from air, whereas
– lasks),
4. r-
stages are microscopic and because of historical tradition.
6. -year period during which scientists
searched for the answers to four questions: (1) Is spontaneous generation of microbial life
7. Today, microbiological investigations are propelled by four major questions: (1) What
8.
s investigations and questioned the source of microorganisms. (2) He hypothe-
sized that dust in the air contained microbes that would reproduce in nutrient broth. (3)
9. : (1) The suspected causative agent must be found in every case of
the disease and be absent from healthy hosts. (2) The agent must be isolated and grown
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, 5e
Critical Thinking
1. Koch would have been extremely frustrated by attempts to identify the agents of viral
diseases. Methods to detect viruses did not exist, and the means to grow viruses in the la-
boratory had not been developed. His initial success with anthrax provided the basis for
2.
become widely accepted in the early 1900s, and the prevailing belief in the scientific
3. Checking for the presence of H. influenzae in a large number of diagnosed cases of flu
would likely have cast doubt on the conclusion that H. influenzae was the cause of flu. In
5. Pour the milk into sterile containers through a filter that will trap bacteria, endospores,
and spores, and then incubate in a sterile chamber or in a chamber with filtered vents that
7. Redi showed that flies laid eggs that hatched onto larvae on meat by covering jars of
infusions and gravy in sealed containers suggested that microbes arise spontaneously, but
Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions
8. There are a number of possible answers, including infection control (hygiene and the
control of disease in health care settings); bioremediation (the use of microbes to remove
10. n-
i-
11. Many bacteria are very small and may be easily overlooked during examination with a
light microscope. In co
12. c-
tions (e.g., Down syndrome, lung cancer). Some diseases (e.g., cholera) occur only under
specific conditions (high numbers, specific genetic component), so the microbes may be
13. Kluyver was referring to the metabolism/biochemistry common to all cellular life on the
Microbiology with Diseases by Body System, 5e