Answers TB Ntype Material The And The Reactance Primary Winding Material Has Deficiency Electrons

SECTION 1

Questions 1-1

1. Solid, liquid, or gas (p. 4)

5. Mixture (p. 5)

1. Proton (p. 5)

2. Neutron (p. 5)

3. Electron (p. 5)

1. External force (p. 7)

2. When one coulomb of charge moves past

a point in one second. (p. 7)

3. I (p. 7)

1. Source (p. 8)

2. Difference of potential (p. 8)

3. E (p. 8)

1. Resistance (p. 8)

2. Conductors have low resistance and

5. Ohm (p. 8)

1. Like charges repel and unlike charges

attract. (p. 12)

2. A large number of electrons grouped

1. The slow drift of electrons from an area

of negative charge to an area of positive

charge. (p. 12)

2. Ampere (pgs. 12–13)

6. The voltage source removes electrons

from one end of the conductor and

Questions 2-3

1. Scientific notation is a method using single

digit numbers plus the powers of ten to

2. a. A positive exponent means to move the

decimal point to the right. (p. 15)

b. A negative exponent means to move the

decimal point to the left. (p. 16)

-1

b. Micro- = 1/1,000,000th or 10

-6

(p. 16)

5. a. 1.5 A = 1500 mA (p. 16)

1. Friction, magnetism, chemical, light, heat,

and pressure (p. 19)

2. Magnetism (p. 19)

5. Pressure (p. 21)

6. When voltage is applied: the magnetism

is used in motors, speakers, solenoids and

stoves, irons, and soldering irons; and

1. Positive and negative electrodes and

electrolytes (p. 22)

secondary cells are rechargeable. (p. 22)

4. Dry cell, alkaline cell, and lithium cell

1.

2. Increases the voltage while maintaining

the same current. (p. 27)

3.

5. Series-parallel (pgs. 27–28)

1. A voltage applied to a circuit. (p. 28)

2. The energy used up by a circuit. (p. 29)

3. The source (p. 29)

4. The voltage dropped by each of the

resistors would equal one-half the voltage

rise. (p. 29)

5. The 3-volt lamp (p. 29)

2. Earth grounding serves to protect people

3. In an automobile, ground serves as the

common part of the complete circuit.

(p. 30)

positive or negative. (p. 30)

Questions 4-1

1. The amount resistant to current flow

(p. 34)

4. Silver (p. 34)

pass electrons. (p. 34)

5. 0.01 mho (p. 35)

and still be acceptable. (pgs. 35–36)

2. Molded carbon composition, wirewound,

5. Potentiometers are used to control voltage

(p. 38)

Questions 4-4

1. Figure 4-12 (p. 39)

3. a. 1000 Ω+10% (pgs. 39–40)

d. 2200 Ω+10% (pgs. 39–40)

e. 470 Ω+5% (pgs. 39–40)

4. Reliability (p. 40)

5. First two digits should be multiplied by

Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 37

Section 1 Answers

Textbook Questions

+–

+

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Section 1 Answers

Textbook Questions

Questions 4-5

1. Series, parallel, series-parallel. (p. 42)

2. Series circuits provide a single path for

current flow, parallel provides two or

1. R

T

=R

1

+R

2

+R

3

…+R

n

(p. 42)

2. a. R

T

= 9500 Ω(p. 43)

b. R

T

= 5,610,100 Ω(p. 43)

T

Questions 4-8

1. a. Calculate the parallel portion of the

circuit first to determine the equivalent

determined, redraw the circuit,

substituting the equivalent resistance for

the parallel portion of the circuit.

T

Questions 5-1

1. Voltage source, conductors, and a load.

(p. 53)

c. Series-parallel circuit: combination of

series and parallel circuits. (p. 53)

3. Figure 5-4 (p. 54)

– Current increases

2. I

T

= 0.005 A or 5mA (p. 55)

5. a. 50 mA (p. 55)

b. 600 Ω(p. 56)

c. 12 Ω(p. 56)

d. 12 µA (p. 55)

1. Series: I

T

= I

1

= I

2

= I

3

…= I

n

(p. 56)

Parallel: I

T

= I

1

+ I

2

+ I

3

…+ I

n

(p. 57)

2. Series: E

T

= E

1

+ E

2

+ E

3

…+ E

n

(p. 57)

1

2

n

(p. 57)

1. The algebraic sum of all currents entering

and leaving a junction is equal to zero.

(p. 62)

2. 3 A (p. 63)

closed circuit equals zero. The sum of all

the voltage drops in a closed circuit will

equal the source voltage(p. 64)

1. Provides a means to examine the

operation of a circuit. (p. 68)

2. Analog, digital. (p. 68)

3. Digital (p. 68)

1. Ammeter (p. 69)

2. Voltmeter (p. 69)

3. Ohmmeter (p. 69)

4. The circuit is opened and the ammeter is

1. A voltmeter, ammeter, and ohmmeter

combined into a single meter. (p. 70)

3. DMM (p. 70)

4. Zero meter, connect across component.

Questions 6-4

1. The circuit is opened and the ammeter is

inserted in the circuit in series. (p. 71)

2. Always turn off power to the circuit. (p. 71)

Questions 6-5

1. In parallel (p. 73)

2. Remove power, connect the voltmeter, and

5. A large current will flow through the

circuit or component and reads the current

flow. (p. 74)

2. Ensure the power is off. (p. 74)

3. Measure resistance. (p. 74)

Questions 6-7

1. Full scale value. (p. 76)

2. Ohmmeter scale reads in the opposite

1. Power: the rate at which energy is

dissipated in a circuit. (p. 82)

2. Watt (p. 82)

3. Electric power rate. (p. 82)

Questions 7-2

1. P = I E (p. 83)

2. Always P

= P

+ P

…+ P

(p. 83)

2

P

3

= 0.036 W or 36 mW

2

P

3

= 0.245 W or 245 mW

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Questions 8-1

1. I

T

= I

R1

= I

R2

= I

R3

…= I

Rn

(p. 88)

2. E

T

= E

R1

+ E

R2

+ E

R3

…+ E

Rn

(p. 88)

2

R

3

9.52 V 7.93 mA 75.49 mW

R

4

11.90 V 7.93 mA 94.37 mW

Tot 28.00 V 7.93 mA 222.10 mW

Questions 8-2

1. I

T

= I

R1

+ I

R2

+ I

R3

…+ I

Rn

(p. 90)

4. P

T

= P

R1

+ P

R2

+ P

R3

…+ P

Rn

(p. 90)

5. (pgs. 90–91)

Tot 9.0 V 11.76 mA 105.84 mW

Questions 8-3

1. (pgs. 92–95)

EI P

1. Voltage dividers are used to set bias of

various electronic components and divide

higher voltage into lower voltage for

instrument reading above their normal

1

2

Questions 8-5

1. Samuel Hunter Christie (p. 101)

(p. 102)

Questions 9-1

1. Natural, artificial, and electromagnets

(p. 105)

Questions 9-2

1. By placing a compass next to the wire.

(pgs. 107–108)

2. By applying left-hand rule for conductors.

(p. 108)

of turns of wire, and insert a

ferromagnetic core in the coil center.

1. Through magnetic induction and an iron

bar. (p. 110)

2. The ability of an iron bar to retain

magnetism after a magnetic source is

removed. (p. 110)

Questions 9-4

1. An AC generator (alternator) produces

AC current which alternates or changes

field. (pgs. 115–116)

5. By moving an electron beam back and

forth on a phosphor-coated screen.

electrical conductor that opposes a change

in current flow. (p. 120)

3. The amount of energy required to induce

an EMF of 1 volt when the current

changes at the rate of 1 ampere per

1. Coils of wire designed to have a specific

inductance. (p. 120)

2. Figures 10-1 and 10-2 (pgs. 120–121)

3. Choke (p. 122)

4. a. L

T

= L

1

+ L

2

+ L

3

…+ L

n

(p. 122)

b. 1/L

T

= 1/L

1

+ 1/L

2

…+ 1/L

n

(p. 122)

1. The time required for current through a

conductor to increase to 63.2 percent or

sec or 5 µsec (p. 123)

Questions 11-1

1. The ability to store energy in an

electrostatic field. (p. 127)

Questions 11-2

1. Area of the plates, distance between the

plates, type of dielectric material, and

temperature (p. 128)

1. The time required for a capacitor to

charge to 63.2 percent or discharge to

36.8 percent of the applied voltage.

(p. 130)

5. t = 30 m/sec, therefore the voltage

would be approximately 9.2 V to 11.8 V

Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 39

Section 1 Answers

Textbook Questions

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Section 2 Answers

Textbook Questions

SECTION 2

Questions 12-1

1. Converts mechanical energy into electrical

energy. (p. 138)

2. Utilizes the principle of magnetic

induction. (p. 138)

4. Armature, slip rings, brushes. (p. 139)

Questions 12-2

1. a. The absolute value on the waveform

with the greatest amplitude. (p. 140)

c. The amount of AC current that

produces the same degree of heat as an

frequency. (p. 142)

4. I

P

= 14.14 A (p. 141)

1. Waveforms other than sine waves.

(p. 142)

used primarily as electronic signals,

sawtooth waves are used in sweep circuits

of televisions and oscilloscopes. (p. 143)

harmonics 180 degrees out of phase with

1. The AC voltage is converted to a DC

voltage with rectifiers. (p. 147)

2. There is no need to convert from AC to

DC. (p. 148)

5. An AC voltmeter is connected in parallel

with the load. It is initially set to its

highest range. (p. 149)

Questions 13-2

1. Frequency of a signal, duration of a

signal, phase relationship between signals,

3. Set controls to position indicated on (p. 152)

1. Measure frequency of a signal. (p. 152)

2. Time base, input signal conditioner, gate-

control circuit, main gate, decade counter

and display. (p. 152)

and amplitude compatible with the

circuitry in the counter. (pgs. 152–153)

1. It is used to make a graph of a circuit’s

frequency response. (p. 153)

(p. 153)

4. Decibel (p. 153)

resistive circuit. (p. 157)

2. Effective or RMS values (p. 157)

3. I

RMS

= 0.0012 A or 1.2 mA (p. 157)

1. E

1

= 7.65 V, E

2

= 16.35 V (pgs. 158–159)

2. E

= 36.17 V, E

= 63.83 V

1

2

Questions 14-3

1. a. I

1

= 212.8 mA, I

2

= 100 mA (p. 160)

Questions 14-4

1. P

T

= 5.32 W (p. 161)

2. P

T

= 37.5W (p. 161)

3. P

T

= 31.28 W (p. 161)

4. P

T

= 75 mW (p. 161)

5. P

1

= 1.92 W (p. 161)

decreases in amplitude, the capacitor

(p. 164)

4. X

C

= 39.81 Ω(p. 164)

5. 4.53 A (p. 164)

coupling phase-shift (p. 166)

2. Figure 15-2 Passes all frequencies below

5. Shift the phase of an AC output signal

with respect to an input signal less than

1. It produces a magnetic field that changes

as the signal changes in amplitude

inductor. (p. 172)

4. X

L

= 12,560 Ω(p. 173)

5. By the vector sum of the inductive

2. Provides a reactive effect and a DC path

Questions 17-1

1. Figure 17-3 (p. 178), E in phase with I.

2. Figure 16-2 (p. 172), E leads I.

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6. Z = 180 (pgs. 180–181)

7. I

T

= 667 mA (p. 180)

Questions 17-2

1. The voltage across each component must be

Questions 17-3

1. The net power is low because the

alternating waveform is centered on 0.

3. Power factor is the ratio of true power to

apparent power always less than 1.

1. Resonance occurs when X

C

= X

L

are

balanced. (p. 185)

particular frequency. (p. 185)

5. They are rejected. (p. 185)

6. In tuning receivers and transmitters,

certain industrial equipment, and test

an AC signal is applied to one coil

(primary), the changing magnetic field

core, high-frequency transformers have an

air core. (p. 189)

4. Volt-ampere (p. 189)

5. Either Figure 18-1 or 18-2 (pgs. 189–190)

a magnetic field that cuts the primary coil

creating a primary current. (p. 190)

2. With no load applied the primary acts like

an inductor. (p. 190)

4. Mutual inductance: the inducing of a

current back into the primary by the

secondary of a transformer. (p. 190)

5. The current flowing in the secondary

1. The turns ratio. (p. 191)

2. Turns ratio = N

S

/ N

P

(p. 191)

3. E

S

/ E

P

= N

S

/ N

P

(p. 191)

4. E

= 2160 V (p. 191)

current, impedance matching, phase

based on how it is connected to the load.

(p. 193)

Questions 19-1

1. Materials that fall between insulators and

conductors. (p. 200)

2. a. Covalent bonding: the process of

temperature increases, the resistance

decreases. (p. 201)

Questions 19-2

1. By increasing the temperature of the

material. (p. 202)

action represents current flow. (p. 202)

3. Electrons flow toward the positive

terminal and holes flow toward the

negative terminal. (p. 201)

Questions 19-3

1. Adding impurities to a pure

semiconductor material. (p. 203)

2. Pentavalent and trivalent materials.

4. By allowing the donor or acceptor atoms

to contribute to the electron or hole

movement. (pgs. 204–205)

1. a. Donor atom: an atom that contributes

extra electrons. (p. 203)

in only one direction. (p. 208)

2. A diode is created. A barrier voltage is

Questions 20-2

1. A voltage applied to a diode. (p. 209)

2. The minimum voltage needed for current

Reverse bias does not support current

flow. (pgs. 209–210)

1. If the reverse current is excessive, it can

damage the diode. (p. 211)

2. Figure 20-5 (p. 211)

3. Figure 20-6 (p. 211)

4. Figure 20-7 (p. 211)

Questions 20-4

1. Grown junction, alloyed junction, and

diffused junction. (p. 212)

2. Diffused junction. (p. 212)

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Section 3 Answers

Textbook Questions

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Section 3 Answers

Textbook Questions

Questions 20-5

1. By checking the forward and reverse

resistance. (p. 213)

2. Avoid using ohmmeters with high-voltage

5. When a low resistance reading is observed

when testing a diode, the cathode is the

mode with a voltage that exceeds the

4. Operation temperature, and lead length.

(p. 217)

flow without exceeding the power

increase in temperature. (p. 218)

diode in series with the zener diode of

2. Figure 21-3 (p. 218)

3. Change the zener diode with one of a

with the ohmmeter. (p. 219)

2. The breakdown voltage of the zener

diode. (p. 219)

Questions 22-1

1. It is constructed with three layers of

semiconductor material. (p. 223)

2. NPN and PNP (p. 223)

Questions 22-2

1. Type, material used, power-handling

application, and frequency. (p. 224)

4. Consists of the letters TO followed by a

amplification of a signal. (p. 225)

2. E-B junction is forward biased and C-B

volts. (p. 226)

voltages or mechanical abuse. (p. 226)

4. Never exceed the maximum voltage rating

1. Manufacturer’s cross-reference manuals.

(p. 227)

transistor is a bipolar device. (p. 232)

2. Gate, source, and drain. (p. 232)

c. Source: a lead connected to one end of

the channel of a FET to supply the

current. (p. 232)

d. Drain: a lead connected to the opposite

1. A MOSFET uses a metal gate that is

electrically isolated from the channel.

(p. 234)

polarity applied than required for

Questions 23-3

1. Depletion MOSFETs are normally on

devices and enhancement MOSFETs are

current to flow. (p. 237)

5. The drain and source can be reversed.

1. Excessive voltage applied to the gate can

3. They are shipped with their leads shorted

together in either a shorting wire or ring,

1. Is the device a JFET or MOSFET? Is the

FET an N-channel or P-channel device? Is

the MOSFET a depletion or enhancement

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4. See testing MOSFETs with an ohmmeter

(p. 239)

5. Refer to the operation manual of the tester

1. It can control a large current with a small

trigger signal. (p. 243)

2. Four alternately doped semiconductor

layers. (p. 243)

compared to an SCR which conducts in

3. Figure 24-11 (p. 246)

4. AC switch, motor controller, light dimmer.

1. Used to trigger TRIACs. (p. 247)

2. Constructed similar to a PNP transistor

but only has two leads. (p. 247)

3. Operates as two back-to-back zener

(p. 248)

3. See testing SCRs with an ohmmeter

(pgs. 248–249)

5. See testing DIACs with an ohmmeter.

(p. 249)

Questions 25-1

1. Integrated circuit: a complete electronic

circuit in a small package. (p. 253)

3. Cannot handle large currents or voltages,

cannot be repaired. (pgs. 253–254)

4. Diodes, transistors, resistors, and

Questions 25-2

1. Monolithic, thin film, thick film, and

hybrid. (p. 254)

2. Same as for constructing a transistor with

4. Constructed using monolith, thin film, and

thick film techniques. (p. 255)

1. To protect the IC from moisture, dust, and

other contaminants. (p. 256)

1. A static discharge resulting in current flow

until the discharge is at ground potential.

(p. 257)

movement when handling, keep in

material that will create a static charge.

(p. 258)

1. Electromagnetic radiation that is visible to

the human eye. (p. 261)

2. 400,000 to 750,000 gigahertz (p. 261)

3. Radiation that falls below 400,000

gigahertz and is not visible. (p. 261)

4. Radiation above 750,000 gigahertz and is

Questions 26-2

1. Operates as a light-sensitive device in

which the internal resistance changes with

most of its energy to the atoms in the

semiconductor material. The light energy

knocks valence electrons from their orbit,

1. An LED produces light when forward

biased, producing a current, converting

3. The package acts as a lens to focus the

light and as a filter to enhance the light

Questions 27-1

1. To isolate the power supply from the AC

power-handling capabilities. (p. 272)

1. Converts AC voltage to a DC voltage.

(p. 272)

of the input cycle. The full-wave rectifier

and the bridge rectifier operate during

both alternations of the input signal.

(pgs. 272–273)

4. Half-wave rectifiers are simple and

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Section 4 Answers

Textbook Questions

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Section 4 Answers

Textbook Questions

5. Bridge rectifiers do not require a

transformer and produce a higher output

than either the half-wave or full-wave

1. Converts pulsating DC voltage to smooth

DC voltage. (p. 275)

4. Determined by the amount of ripple

1. To produce the same output voltage from

the power supply regardless of load and

1. To step up DC voltages without a

transformer. (p. 283)

is normally cut off. If the output voltage

rises above a predetermined level, the

SCR turns on and places a short circuit

across the load. This results in very little

current flowing through the load.

(pgs. 285–286)

Questions 28-1

1. Figures 28-1, 28-2, and 28-3 (p. 290)

2. Common-base amplifier: base common to

both input and output circuit; Common-

Questions 28-2

1. Figures 28-6 (p. 292) and 28-7 (p. 292)

2. By feeding back a portion of the output

cycle, Class AB – current flows for less

5. Class A – used for amplification of audio

signals in radios and television, Class B –

transformer, and direct. (p. 296)

1. High gain at low frequencies,

amplification of DC signals, and eliminate

equipment. (p. 302)

Questions 29-2

1. 20 to 20,000 hertz (p. 302)

2. Voltage and power amplifiers (p. 302)

3. A transformer used to link two amplifier

1. A wideband amplifier used to amplify

video information. (p. 304)

2. 60 hertz to 4 megahertz (p. 304)

3. Only direct or RC coupling (p. 305)

4. a. Shunt peaking: placing a small inductor

Questions 29-4

1. The frequency spectrum over which they

operate. (p. 307)

4. A single-frequency amplifier. (p. 308)

1. A very high gain amplifier. (p. 309)

2. Figure 29-22 (p. 310)

4. Closed-loop (p. 310)

5. 20,000 to 1,000,000 times the input

1. A circuit that generates a repetitive AC

signal. (p. 316)

delivers the proper amount of energy to the

tank circuit to sustain oscillation. (p. 316)

Questions 30-2

1. LC oscillators, crystal oscillators, and RC

oscillators. (p. 316)

Questions 30-3

1. Figures 12-7, 12-8, and 12-9 (pgs. 142–143)

2. It stores energy in a reactive component

during one phase of the oscillation cycle

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Questions 31-1

1. All periodic waveforms are made up of

sine waves. (p. 326)

frequency plus even and odd harmonics

1. a. Figure 31-11 (p. 329)

b. Figure 31-14 (p. 329)

2. A differentiator produces a peaked (either

+ or – edge) waveform from square or

of an applied signal. A clamper is used to

television, and computers. (p. 329)

1. A multivibrator with only one stable state.

(p. 333)

2. Figure 31-28 (p. 333)

3. A multivibrator with two stable states.

(p. 333)

4. Figure 31-29 (p. 333)

5. One of the coupling networks is replaced

by a common-emitter resistor. (p. 334)

Questions 32-1

1. It only uses two digits, 1 and 0. (p. 340)

2. In digital and microprocessor circuits.

(p. 339)

3. Highest number = 2

n

– 1, where n

c. 4095

d. 65,535

5. a. 011

2

1. 2

= 1, 2

= 2, 2

= 4, 2

= 8, 2

= 16,

2

5

= 32, 2

6

= 64, 2

7

= 128 (p. 341)

4. Progressively divide the number by 2,

writing the remainder down after each

division. The remainders taken in reverse

1. Allows the reading of large binary

numbers by breaking the binary number

3. a. 111 101 110 011 100 010 000 001

2

(p. 344)

8

c. 76457

8

Questions 32-4

1. It is used for entering and reading data of

microprocessor systems. (p. 345)

2. a. 15FC88

16

(p. 345)

b. 7B435

16

c. 1010 0111 0101 1100 0110 0100 0010

1110

2

4. a. 28243

10

(p. 346)

b. 42945

10

c. 5211150

10

Questions 32-5

1. It is a binary-coded-decimal (BCD) code

consisting of four binary bits used to

4. a. 0001 0111

2

(p. 347)

Questions 33-1

1. Only when all its inputs are high. (p. 351)

2. Figure 33-1 (p. 351)

11 1 1

2. Figure 33-4 (p. 352)

01 1 1

11 1 1

4. Addition (p. 352)

5. Y = A + B (p. 352)

Questions 33-3

1. Inversion (p. 352)

qualifying input. (p. 353)

Questions 33-4

1. Combination of an inverter and an AND

gate. (p. 353)

2. It can be used to construct AND gates,

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Section 5 Answers

Textbook Questions

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Section 6 Answers

Textbook Questions

4. Y = AB (p. 352)

5. A B C Y (p. 353)

00 0 1

Questions 33-5

1. Combination of inverter and an OR gate.

(p. 355)

4. Y = A + B (p. 355)

11 0 0

Questions 33-6

1. An XOR generates a 0 if both inputs are

1s or 0s. (p. 355)

2. Figure 33-12 (p. 356)

1. Buffers do not invert the input. (p. 356)

2. Buffers isolate, provide high drive current,

and provide a non-inverting output. (p 356)

1. To provide a fast and easy method to

reduce complicated expressions to their

b. Plot the logic functions

c. Loop adjacent groups

Questions 34-2

1. To provide a fast and easy method to

reduce complicated expressions to their

b. A + BC (pgs. 364–365)

5. a. ABCD + ABCD + ABC + ABD + ACD

2. RS, Clocked RS, D, and JK.

clock, asynchronous does not occur at

1. Counts a sequence of numbers (p. 371)

2. 256 (p. 371)

3. The flip-flops do not change states at the

same time. (pgs. 371–372)

4. All the stages are clocked at the same

Questions 35-3

1. Used to store data temporarily. (p. 374)

2. Data can be moved right or left which is

1. Memory in storage registers used to store

(p. 381)

5. When many chips need to be

1. The process of converting any keyboard

3. With the priority encoder, if two keys are

pressed simultaneously the encoder

produces an output corresponding to the

1. It converts complex binary codes into

recognizable digits or characters. (p. 386)

2. Used to operate decimal number readouts

seven-segment decimal readout display.

1. A circuit used to select and route any one

of several input signals to a single output.

4. Analog and digital. (p. 389)

5. Should read parallel-to-serial conversion. A

3-bit binary input word from a counter is

used to select the desired input. The parallel

input word is connected to each of the input

Questions 36-4

1. 0 + 0 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 0 = 1, 1 + 1 = 10

(p. 392)

numbers. (p. 395)

2. PROM, PAL, and PLA (p. 397)

3. By blowing fuses in an array. (p. 397)

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5. PLA have additional flexibility by having

its AND gates connected to several

1. Figure 37-1 (p. 402)

2. a. Control: decodes each instruction that

c. Memory: the area where the program

and data are stored. (p. 404)

3. Read only memory, to read only data or

instructions. (p. 404)

Questions 37-2

1. Registers, arithmetic logic unit, timing and

control circuitry, and decoding circuitry.

(p. 405)

2. Accumulator, condition code register,

program counter, and stack pointer.

5. Enable and disable interrupt lines, clear or

Questions 38-1

1. Phenolic, epoxy fiberglass, ceramic, or

Teflon base material with copper clad.

4. Layout printed circuit board design, apply

design to copper-clad board with a resist,

design a printed circuit board. (p. 420)

2. Shows how the component blocks are

connected. (p. 420)

3. So it can be copied when designing a

printed circuit board. (p. 420)

potential at the bottom, avoid or limit signal

connections clearly, label all integrated

circuit pins, tie unused integrated circuit

1. Proves a circuit design works properly.

(p. 425)

5. Shows the current flow through a circuit.

(p. 426)

Questions 38-4

1. The electronic components. (p. 426)

2. Identify: the power source, how odd shape

devices will be mounted, how discrete

components, and ease of troubleshooting.

8. Avoid sharp external angles, avoid acute

internal angles, always use the shortest

practical circuit routing, maintain equal

10. Traces run horizontal on one side and

1. Hand drawn, transparency films and

sensitized copper-clad board and

screenprinting. (pgs. 431–432)

2. To avoid putting the wrong layer on a side

of the copper-clad board. (p. 432)

5. Screen print design and the component

(pgs. 432–433)

2. Ferric Chloride or ammonia persulphate

dab the board with a small sponge loaded

with acid, or use a commercial or shop

1. Soaking in a solvent, scrubbing with a

powdered cleanser or steel wool. (p. 434)

2. Avoid putting fingerprints on the board

after the resist is removed. (p. 434)

3. Tin-plating stops the exposed copper from

oxidizing. (p. 434)

4. Traces that are bridged or shorted together

1. To provide awareness of a chemical that

contains hazardous substance. (p. 436)

reactivity hazard data, health hazard data,

control and protective measures, spill or

leak procedure, hazardous material

X-Acto knife, tweezers, flat nose pliers,

needle nose pliers, round nose pliers,

traces. (p. 450)

5. Conformal tool or lead bending jig.

(p. 450)

Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 47

Section 6 Answers

Textbook Questions

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Fundamentals

of Electricity

Questions 39-2

1. To determine proper operation, aligning

components or troubleshooting a circuit.

4. A signal generator produces a sine wave

only and a function generator produces

1. Soldering iron. (p. 454)

2. 25–35 watts. (p. 454)

3. To protect static sensitive components.

(p. 455)

1. Use a systematic method by installing all

the resistors first, then capacitors, ICs, etc.

(p. 457)

5. Use an alloy mix of 60/40 or 63/37.

(p. 454)

desoldering iron, soldering iron and solder

sucker (desoldering pump), vacuum-

tape to hold down components for

soldering. (p. 462)

Questions 39-5

1. Smooth, well feathered at the edges,

bright and shiny with a slight concave

configuration. (p. 463)

4. The solder does not become liquid or the

lead is moved before the solder sets.

(pgs. 463–464)

1. A non-conductive material applied in a

thin layer on printed circuit boards.

(p. 464)

3. By dipping, spraying, or flow coating.

(p. 464)

4. Acrylic, epoxy, parylene, silicone, or

urethane. (p. 464)

Questions 39-7

1. To promote a safe work environment.

(p. 465)

5. Know the best protection and first-aid

procedures. (p. 466)

solvent vapors, and wash hands before

eating or drinking. (pgs. 466–467)

1. When two substances are rubbed together

or separated. (p. 467)

2. 3,500 to 4,000 volts. (p. 468)

3. The device may appear to operate

properly but is damaged. (p. 469)

4. Ground themself using a wrist strap.

(pgs. 469–470)

Questions 40-1

1. Ohmmeter, voltmeter, and ammeter.

(p. 476)

a multimeter. (p. 476)

5. It isolates the circuit from the AC line.

Questions 40-2

1. Check circuit visually, apply power,

troubleshoot the circuit, and operate the

circuit in the intended environment.

burnt insulation, listen for sounds such as

snap, crackle, or pop, and touch

2. They can result in electrical fires. (p. 479)

3. The circuit will have very high or infinite

1. Observe the circuit. (p. 480)

2. Intermittent or difficult to reproduce

problems. (p. 482)

Questions 40-5

1. Schematic diagram. (p. 482)

2. Allows the technician to read the circuit.

(p. 482)

3. Record measured values and waveforms

on a copy of the schematic. (p. 482)

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