LAB 1-1, FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICITY
Definitions
1. Atom: Smallest basic unit of matter.
2. Matter: Anything that occupies space.
3. Element: Basic building block of nature.
4. Compound: Combination of two or more elements.
5. Proton: Positively charged particle in the nucleus of the atom.
6. Electron: Negative charge in orbit around the nucleus of an atom.
7. Valence shell: The outer electron shell of an atom.
1. I, E, R
2. Ampere, Volt, Ohm
LAB 1-2, CURRENT
Definitions
1. Coulomb: Unit of electrical charge (represents 6.24 x 10
18
electrons).
2. Current: Slow drift of electrons.
3. Ampere: Measure of current flow.
Questions
1. I
2. Ampere
LAB 1-3, VOLTAGE
Definitions
1. Difference of potential: The force that moves electrons in a conductor.
2. Van de Graaf Generator: A device used to generate electricity by means of friction.
3. Direct current: Current that flows in only one direction.
4. Alternating current: Current that flows in one direction, then in the opposite direction.
12. Ampere-hour: A rating used to determine how well a battery delivers power.
13. Series cells: Increases voltage.
14. Series aiding cells configuration: Connecting the positive terminal to the negative terminal
of cells.
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ANSWERS
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ANSWERS
Lab Manual
18. Voltage rise: Voltage applied to a circuit.
19. Voltage drop: Occurs when current flows in a circuit.
20. Ground: Common point in an electrical/electronics circuit.
Questions
1. E
2. Volts
3. V
5. Total voltage
LAB 1-4, RESISTANCE
Definitions
1. Resistance: Opposition to electron flow in a circuit.
2. Resistors: Resistors are components manufactured to possess a specific value of resistance to
the flow of current.
3. Ohm: Unit of resistance.
4. Tolerance: An indication of the amount a resistor may vary and still be acceptable.
5. Carbon composition resistor: Most commonly used resistor in electronic circuits.
12. Series-parallel circuit: A combination of the series circuit and the parallel circuit.
13. Ohmmeter: A meter used to measure resistance.
14. Open Circuit: A circuit with infinite resistance that will not support current flowing
1. Ω
2. R
Variable resistor:
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5.
Series:
Parallel:
6. Total resistance
LAB 1-5, UNIT CONVERSIONS
Questions
1. 1000 mA 6. 1200 µA 11. 10 Ω16. 2100 mW
2. 2200 Ω7. 0.150 A 12. 0.0155 A 17. 0.000003 V
3. 1200 kΩ8. 10 kV 13. 0.000575 A 18. 1,200,000 V
LAB 1-6A, CONNECTING CELLS AND BATTERIES
Questions
1. E
T
= 6.0 V 2. E
T
= 1.5 V 3. E
T
= 4.8 V
I
T
= 500 mA I
T
= 1 A I
T
= 250 mA
LAB 1-6B, CONNECTING CELLS AND BATTERIES
Drawings
1. 2.
3. 4.
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
–+
+–
+
–
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ANSWERS
Lab Manual
LAB 1-7, MEASURING VOLTAGE
Table 1-7-1
Table 1-7-2
Table 1-7-3
LAB 1-8, RESISTOR COLOR CODES
Questions
1. 4700 Ω+10% 6. 2,700,000 Ω+20% 11. 33,000 Ω+20%
2. 220,000 Ω+5% 7. 100,000 Ω+5% 12. 2200 Ω+10%
3. 100 Ω+20% 8. 280,000 Ω+20% 13. 10 Ω+5%
4. 1000 Ω+10% 9. 390 Ω+10% 14. 65,000 Ω+10%
1. Red, Red, Red, Silver 10. Green, Blue, Black, Silver
2. Brown, Black, Black, Gold 11. Red, Red, Brown, Gold
3. Brown, Black, Blue, None 12. Green, Blue, Red, None
4. Yellow, Violet, Brown, Silver 13. Brown, Black, Red, Gold
5. Orange, White, Yellow, Gold 14. Yellow, Violet, Yellow, Silver
0.0112V
65.33V
61.44V
33.93V
5.872V
0V
65V
61V
33.9V
5.8V
Minimum
9 o’clock
12 o’clock
3 o’clock
Maximum
Position Digital
Voltmeter
Analog
Voltmeter
4.370V
2.895V
4.42V
2.9V
AA-cell + C-cell + D-cell
C-cell + D-cell
Cell/Battery Type Digital
Voltmeter
Analog
Voltmeter
1.476V
9.400V
5.898V
1.392V
1.503V
1.5V
9.45V
5.87V
1.4V
1.5V
1AA
9 V5
6 V4
D3
2C
Cell/Battery Type Digital
Voltmeter
Analog
Voltmeter
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LAB 1-9, RESISTORS IN SERIES
Questions
1. R
T
= 5700 Ω4. R
T
= 17,370 Ω
2. R
T
= 3670 Ω5. R
T
= 18,370 Ω
LAB 1-10, RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Questions
1. R
T
= 824.56 Ω4. R
T
= 345.43 Ω
2. R
T
= 279.16 Ω5. R
T
= 256.74 Ω
LAB 1-11, RESISTORS IN SERIES-PARALLEL
Questions
1. R
T
= 2273.28 Ω4. R
T
= 4979.16 Ω
2. R
T
= 2519.73 Ω5. R
T
= 5813.27 Ω
LAB 1-12, RESISTOR MEASUREMENTS
Table 1-12-1
Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 53
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
In
Tolerance
Actual
Value
Tolerance
Value
Color
Code
Value
Resistor
R
2
–
Brn, Blk, Red
Yel, Vio, Red
R
5
–
Brn, Blk, Org
R
1
–
Yel, Vio, Brn
MinimumMaximum
Tolerance Range
470 Ω±10% 517 Ω423 Ω486 ΩYe s
1000 Ω±10% 1100 Ω900 Ω1032 ΩYe s
4700 Ω±10% 5170 Ω4230 Ω4629 ΩYe s
10000 Ω±10% 11000 Ω9000 Ω9972 ΩYe s
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ANSWERS
Lab Manual
LAB 1-13, SERIES RESISTOR MEASUREMENTS
Table 1-13-1
54 Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Total
Resistance
Comparison
Actual
Value
Resistor
Combination
R
2
+ R
4
1. R
2
R
3
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
2
+ R
4
+ R
5
3.
CalculatedMeasured
Total Resistance
1032 Ω
5662 Ω5700 ΩYe s
1032 Ω
2176 Ω
4629 Ω
9972 Ω
15633 Ω15700 ΩNo
Note: Measured and calculated values may vary due to calculators,
steps involved, and rounding errors.
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Total
Resistance
Comparison
Actual
Value
Resistor
Combination
R
2
|| R
4
1. R
2
R
3
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
2
|| R
4
|| R
5
3.
CalculatedMeasured
Total Resistance
LAB 1-14, PARALLEL RESISTOR MEASUREMENTS
Table 1-14-1
Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 55
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
1032 Ω
843.87 Ω824.56 ΩYe s
1032 Ω
2176 Ω
4629 Ω
9972 Ω
778.21 Ω761.75 ΩYe s
Note: Measured and calculated values may vary due to calculators,
steps involved, and rounding errors.
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Total
Resistance
Comparison
Actual
Value
Resistor
Combination
R
1
+R
3
|| R
5
1. R
1
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
5
R
1
+ R
2
|| R
3
||
R
+ R
CalculatedMeasured
Total Resistance
486 Ω
9972 Ω
486 Ω
1032 Ω
5840 Ω5813.27 ΩYe s
2176 Ω
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
LAB 1-15, SERIES-PARALLEL RESISTOR MEASUREMENTS
Table 1-15-1
56 Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Note: Measured and calculated values may vary due to calculators,
steps involved, and rounding errors.
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LAB 1-16, OHM’S LAW
Questions
1. E = 10 V 6. R = 5000 Ω
2. E = 100 V 7. E = 1 V
3. I = 0.5 A or 500 mA 8. R = 5Ω
LAB 1-17, POWER
Questions
1. I = 0.1 A or 100 mA 6. E = 17.86 V
2. I = 0.005 A or 5 mA 7. I = 0.01 A or 10 mA
3. P = 5 W 8. E = 40 V
LAB 1-18, SERIES DC CIRCUITS
Questions
1. R I E P
R
1
1000 Ω3.51 mA 3.51 V 12.32 mW
R
2
4700 Ω3.51 mA 16.49 V 57.88 mW
R
1
470 Ω5.45 mA 2.56 V 13.95 mW
R
2
1000 Ω5.45 mA 5.45 V 29.70 mW
R
3
2200 Ω5.45 mA 11.99 V 65.35 mW
R
1
1000 Ω1.27 mA 1.27 V 1.61 mW
R
2
4700 Ω1.27 mA 5.97 V 7.58 mW
R
3
10,000 Ω1.27 mA 12.70 V 16.13 mW
R
1
470 Ω1.15 mA 0.54 V 0.62 mW
R
2
2200 Ω1.15 mA 2.53 V 2.91 mW
R
3
4700 Ω1.15 mA 5.41 V 6.22 mW
R
1
470 Ω1.09 mA 0.51 V 0.56 mW
R
2
1000 Ω1.09 mA 1.09 V 1.19 mW
R
3
2200 Ω1.09 mA 2.40 V 2.61 mW
R
4
4700 Ω1.09 mA 5.12 V 5.58 mW
Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 57
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
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ANSWERS
Lab Manual
LAB 1-19, PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS
Questions
1. R I E P
R
1
1000.00 Ω20.00 mA 20 V 400.00 mW
R
2
4700.00 Ω4.26 mA 20 V 85.11 mW
1
R
2
1000.00 Ω20.00 mA 20 V 400.00 mW
R
3
2200.00 Ω9.09 mA 20 V 181.82 mW
1
R
2
4700.00 Ω4.26 mA 20 V 85.11 mW
R
3
10,000.00 Ω2.00 mA 20 V 40.00 mW
1
R
2
2200.00 Ω9.09 mA 20 V 181.82 mW
R
3
4700.00 Ω4.26 mA 20 V 85.11 mW
1
R
2
1000.00 Ω20.00 mA 20 V 400.00 mW
R
3
2200.00 Ω9.09 mA 20 V 181.82 mW
LAB 1-20, SERIES-PARALLEL DC CIRCUITS
Questions
1. R I E P
R
1
470.00 Ω8.80 mA 4.13 V 36.29 mW
R
2
2200.00 Ω7.21 mA 15.87 V 114.45 mW
R
3
10,000.00 Ω1.59 mA 15.87 V 25.18 mW
1
R
2
470.00 Ω5.40 mA 2.54 V 13.73 mW
R
3
1000.00 Ω2.54 mA 2.54 V 6.45 mW
1
R
2
1000.00 Ω11.21 mA 11.21 V 125.73 mW
R
3
2200.00 Ω5.10 mA 11.21 V 57.15 mW
1
R
2
470.00 Ω2.39 mA 1.12 V 2.68 mW
R
3
1000.00 Ω1.12 mA 1.12 V 1.26 mW
1
R
2
1000.00 Ω2.21 mA 2.21 V 4.88 mW
R
3
2200.00 Ω1.00 mA 2.21 V 2.21 mW
R
4
10,000.00 Ω0.22 mA 2.21 V 0.49 mW
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LAB 1-21, CURRENT IN A SERIES CIRCUIT
Table 1-21-1
Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 59
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
Current Flow
Comparison
Individual Current
Resistor
Combination
R
2
+ R
4
1. R
2
R
4
R
3
R
2
R
4
R
2
+ R
4
+ R
5
3.
MeasuredCalculated
Total Current
MeasuredCalculated Indiv. Total
3.5 mA 3.62 mA
3.5 mA 3.62 mA
3.5 mA 3.62 mA No
1.27 mA 1.28 mA
5.45 mA 5.45 mA
1.27 mA 1.28 mA
1.27 mA 1.28 mA Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
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Voltage Drop
Comparison
Calculated
Voltage Drop
Resistor
Combination
R
2
+ R
4
1. R
2
R
4
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
5
R
2
+ R
4
+ R
5
Measured
Voltage Drop
3.51 V 3.383 V
16.49 V 16.711 V
Yes
1.27 V 1.331 V
5.99 V 5.954 V
12.74 V 12.811 V
10.89 V 10.945 V
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1032 Ω
Actual
Value
4629 Ω
4629 Ω
9972 Ω
9972 Ω
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
60 Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
LAB 1-22, VOLTAGE IN A SERIES CIRCUIT
Table 1-22-1ANSWERS
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LAB 1-23, CURRENT IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Table 1-23-1
Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 61
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
Current Flow
Comparison
Individual Current
Resistor
Combination
R
2
|| R
4
1. R
2
R
3
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
2
|| R
4
|| R
5
3.
MeasuredCalculated
Total Current
MeasuredCalculated Indiv. Total
20.00 mA 19.38 mA
23.70 mA No
20.00 mA 19.38 mA
9.09 mA 9.19 mA
4.26 mA 4.32 mA
2.00 mA 2.01 mA
26.26 mA 25.73 mA Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
24.26 mA
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ANSWERS
Lab Manual
LAB 1-24, VOLTAGE IN A PARALLEL CIRCUIT
Table 1-24-1
62 Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE
Voltage
Drop
Comparison
Calculated
Voltage
Drop
Resistor
Combination
R
2
|| R
4
1. R
2
R
4
R
2
R
4
R
5
R
2
|| R
4
|| R
5
Measured
Voltage
Drop
20 V 20.1 V
20 V 20.1 V
Yes
20 V 20.1 V
20 V 20.1 V
20 V 20.1 V
Yes
10000 Ω
4700 Ω
1000 Ω
4700 Ω
1000 Ω
Color Code
Value
1032 Ω
Actual
Value
4629 Ω
4629 Ω
9972 Ω
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LAB 1-25, MAGNETISM
Definitions
1. Magnet: A piece of iron or steel that attracts other pieces of iron or steel.
2. Artificial magnet: Magnet created by rubbing a piece of soft iron against another magnet.
3. Electromagnet: Magnet created by passing a current through a coil of wire.
4. Magnetism: The property of a magnet.
5. Domains: Group of atoms arranged in the form of a magnet.
magnetic lines of force.
11. Relay: An electromagnetic switch that opens and closes an armature.
1. The domain theory states that when a material is magnetized its domains align in a common
direction and the material becomes a magnet.
2. The number of turns in a coil; the amount of current flowing through the coil; the insertion of
a ferromagnetic core in the center of the coil.
LAB 1-26, INDUCTANCE
Definitions
1. Inductance: The property of a coil that prevents changes in current flow.
2. Henry: The unit of inductance.
3. Inductor: A device designed to have a specific inductance.
4. Choke: A laminated iron core inductor.
1. L 2. Henry 3. H
4. 5.
LAB 1-27, CAPACITANCE
Definitions
1. Capacitance: The ability of a device to store energy in an electrostatic field.
2. Plate: The conductors that store a charge in a capacitor.
3. Dielectric: The insulator between the plates in a capacitor.
4. Farad: The basic unit of capacitance.
8. Paper capacitor: Plates are separated with a paper dielectric.
9. Ceramic disk capacitor: Plates are separated with a ceramic dielectric.
10. Padder capacitor: Variable capacitor.
1. C 2. Farad 3. F
4.
Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 63
ANSWERS
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ANSWERS
Lab Manual
LAB 1-28, CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS
Responses
3. The light lights but does not stay lit.
4. Once the capacitor charges, no further current flows.
10. Yes, the voltage is slightly higher.
LAB 2-1, ALTERNATING CURRENT
Definitions
1. Alternation: The two halves of a cycle.
2. Cycle: Two complete alternations of current with no reference to time.
3. Hertz: Cycles per second, the unit of frequency.
4. Sine wave: Short for sinusoidal waveform.
5. Sinusoidal waveform: The waveform produced by mechanical or electronic
11. Period: Time required to complete one cycle of a sine wave.
12. Frequency: Number of cycles that occur in a specific period of time.
13. Nonsinusoidal waveforms: Waveforms other than sinusoidal waveforms that are generated by
specially designed electronic circuits.
1. AC
2.
3.
LAB 2-2, AC MEASUREMENTS
Questions
1. a. Moving coil meter
b. Iron-vane meter
c. Clamp-on meter
2.
Vertical
Amplifier
Horizontal
Amplifier
Synchronize
Switch
Sweep
Generator
Power
Supply
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3. Intensity ……………………………………….Center of range
Focus …………………………………………..Center of range
Astigmatism ………………………………..Center of range
Vertical position …………………………..Center of range
5. AC ammeter: Measures AC current.
AC voltmeter: Measures AC voltage.
Oscilloscope: Measures 1. frequency and duration of a signal,
2. phase relationship between signals,
LAB 2-3, AC MEASUREMENTS:
RMS, PEAK, AND PEAK-TO-PEAK VOLTAGE
Table 2-3-1
LAB 2-4, AC MEASUREMENTS: OSCILLOSCOPE
Figure 2-4-1
Table 2-4-1
tfE RMS E P E P – P
16.8 mS 59.52 Hz 14.87 V 21.03 V 42.07 V
R1
R2
Total
ERMS EPEP -P
2.713 V
9.300 V
12.013 V
3.837 V
13.154 V
16.991 V
7.675 V
26.308 V
33.983 V
Conditioner
Counter Circuit
Time
Base
Gate Control
Circuit
Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 65
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
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ANSWERS
Lab Manual
LAB 2-5, CAPACITIVE AC CIRCUITS
Drawings
1. 4.
2. 5.
3.
LAB 2-6, CAPACITORS IN AC CIRCUITS
Questions
1. X
C
= 2.65 Ω
2. X
C
= 1.33 Ω
LAB 2-7, RC CIRCUITS
Table 2-7-1
LAB 2-8, INDUCTIVE AC CIRCUITS
Drawings
1. 2.
3.
OUT
Frequency E C1
500 HZ
1000 HZ
2500 HZ
5000 HZ
10,000 HZ
1.038 V
1.029 V
0.958 V
0.820 V
0.560 V
E C2
0.6976 V
0.4656 V
0.2124 V
0.1113 V
0.0550 V
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT
E
I
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LAB 2-9,INDUCTORS IN AC CIRCUITS
Questions
1. X
L
= 3.77 Ω
2. X
L
= 7.54 Ω
LAB 2-10, RL CIRCUITS
Table 2-10-1
LAB 2-11, RESONANCE CIRCUITS
Definitions
1. Capacitor reactance: Opposition a capacitor offers to applied AC voltage.
2. Inductor reactance: Opposition an inductor offers to applied AC voltage.
3. Impedance: Opposition to current flow in an AC circuit.
1. X
C
= 1 / 2πfC 2. X
L
= 2πfL
3. X = X
C
– X
L
or X = X
L
– X
C
LAB 2-12, REACTANCE
Questions
1. X
L
= 1.114 Ω2. X
C
= 0.224 Ω
LAB 2-13, RLC CIRCUITS
Questions
1. Z = 398.59 Ω2. Z = 2.658 Ω
LAB 2-14, TRANSFORMERS
Definitions
1. Electromagnetic induction: Inducing a voltage from one coil into another coil.
2. Transformer: A device for transferring energy from one circuit to another.
3. Primary winding: The coil of the transformer containing the AC voltage.
4. Secondary winding: The coil of the transformer in which the voltage is induced.
5. Coefficient of coupling: Indicates how much of the flux lines cut the secondary winding.
6. Volt-ampere: A rating used for transformers, similar to power rating.
Frequency E
L
500 Hz
1000 Hz
0.0684 V
0.0950 V
Introduction to Electronics INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE 67
ANSWERS
Lab Manual
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ANSWERS
Lab Manual
Questions
1.
2. 1 – Step-up voltage 5 – Isolation
2 – Step-down voltage 6 – Block DC while passing AC
LAB 2-15, TRANSFORMER RATIOS
Table 2-15-1
Table 2-15-2
Terminals Voltage
1,2
3,5
3,5
1,2
4,5
1,2
7.467 V
2.982 V
7.467 V
15.757 V
7.467 V
17.783 V
Terminals Resistance
1,2
3,4
4,5
3,5
415.3 Ω
48.9 Ω
50.2 Ω
98.7 Ω
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